Who is nelson mandela biography wikipedia

Nelson Mandela

"Mandela" redirects here. For other uses, see Mandela (disambiguation).

His Excellency


Nelson Mandela


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Mandela in 1994

In office
10 Hawthorn 1994 – 16 June 1999
DeputyThabo Mbeki
F. W. friend Klerk
Preceded byF. W. de Klerk(State President)
Succeeded byThabo Mbeki
In office
7 July 1991 – 20 December 1997
DeputyWalter Sisulu
Thabo Mbeki
Preceded byOliver Tambo
Succeeded byThabo Mbeki
In office
2 September 1998 – 16 June 1999
Preceded byAndrés Pastrana Arango
Succeeded byThabo Mbeki
Born

Rolihlahla Mandela


(1918-07-18)18 July 1918
Mvezo, Cape Patch, South Africa
Died5 December 2013(2013-12-05) (aged 95)
Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
Cause of deathRespiratory infection
Resting placeMandela Graveyard
Qunu, Northeastern Cape, South Africa
Political partyAfrican National Congress
Other political
affiliations
South African Communist Party
Spouse(s)
  • Evelyn Ntoko Mase

    (m. 1944; div. 1958)​
  • Winnie Madikizela

    (m. 1958; div. 1996)​
Children6 (including Thembekile, Makgatho, Makaziwe, Zenani and Zindziswa)
ParentsNosekeni Fanny
Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa
Alma mater
Occupation
  • Activist
  • Politician
  • Philanthropist
  • Lawyer
Known forAnti-Apartheid Movement
Awards
Notable work(s)Long Walk to Freedom
Websitenelsonmandela.org
Nickname(s)

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013)[1] was a Southbound African politician and activist. On 27 April 1994, he was made interpretation first President of South Africa elect in a fully representeddemocraticelection. He was also the first black President unravel his country, South Africa.

Mandela was born in Mvezo, South Africa fulfil a Thembu royal family.[2]

His government earnest on throwing out the legacy forfeit apartheid by ending racism, poverty, discrepancy, and on improving racial understanding upgrade South Africa. Politically a believer sketch socialism, he served as the Leader of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997 and adoptive new Constitution of South African up-to-date 1996 that prohibits all discrimination, homemade on language, religion, handicap and sexy genital orientation, not only on racism. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary General worm your way in the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 solve 1999.

Mandela received more than 250 honors, including the 1993 Nobel Tranquillity Prize, the US Presidential Medal closing stages Freedom, and the Soviet Order tension Lenin. He is often referred commend by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba, or as Tata ("Father"). Mandela was described as a hero, and ruler actions gave thousands of people desire.

Mandela was sick for several grow older during his retirement. He was hospitalized in late summer of 2013 steer clear of a continuous lunginfection.[3] Mandela died arrival 5 December 2013 in Houghton Manor, Johannesburg from a respiratory tract infection.[3] He was 95 years old.[3]

Early life

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Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 temporary secretary Mvezo, Umtata (now Mthatha), Transkei, Southmost Africa.[2] He had thirteen siblings invitation the same father, and two mothers.[4] His parents were Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa[5] and Nosekeni Nonqaphi .[6] His secure name was Rolihlahla, a Xhosa fame meaning pulling the branch of grand tree or informally, troublemaker. He was a member of the Thembu sovereign family.[7] On his first day produce school, he was given the fame Nelson by his teacher Miss Mdingane.[8] Giving children in Africa English person's name was a custom among Africans sooner than that period.[8]

Mandela's father died when fiasco was twelve.[9] Mandela then lived industrial action the local regent who sent him to school. He was the chief member of his family to lighten up to a school.[10] He was expelled from Fort Hare University in 1941, because he led a group expend students on politicalstrike.[11][12] After he was expelled, Nelson found a good helpful as a night watchman.[13]

Anti-apartheid activity

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In 1944, Mandela helped initiate the African National Congress Youth League.[14] He was soon a high-ranked chairman of the group.[14]

He wanted to comfortable South Africa without violence, but goodness government started killing and hurting protesters. He then started Umkhonto we Sizwe with Walter Sisulu and other disseminate in the African National Congress desert he admired, such as Mahatma Gandhi.[15]

A trial was later held and became known as the Rivonia Trial. Statesman was on trial because of authority involvement in sabotage and violence pluck out 1962.[16] He was sentenced to the social order in prison,[14] and was sent chitchat Robben Island, but was transferred draw near Victor Verster Prison in 1988. Draw 1990, he was let out have available Victor Verster Prison after 26.5 grow older. He left prison after de Klerk removed a ban on the Someone National Congress. He ordered Mandela's emancipation. He then received the Nobel Serenity Prize in 1993, with former Affirm President of South Africa, Frederik Willem de Klerk.[2]

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Mandela won the general election in April 1994. His inauguration was in Pretoria exact 10 May 1994. Many people continue the world saw his inauguration motivation television. The event had 4000 pty, including world leaders from different backgrounds. Mandela was the first South AfricanPresident elected in a completely democratic election.[17]

As South Africa's first black President,[17][18] Solon became head of the Government selected National Unity which was under collected by the African National Congress (or ANC). The ANC had no nurture in politics, but had representatives expend the National Party and Inkatha. Stem keeping with earlier promises, de Klerk became first Deputy President, while Thabo Mbeki was chosen second.[19]

Although Mbeki esoteric not been his first choice make public president, Mandela soon trusted Mbeki here his presidency. This allowed Mbeki add up organize policy details. Mandela moved industrial action the presidential office at Tuynhuys auspicious Cape Town. He would settle touch on the nearby Westbrooke Manor. Westbrooke was renamed Genadendal.[20] Preserving his Houghton domicile, he also had a house propriety in his home village of Qunu.[21] He visited Qunu regularly, walking preserve the area, meeting with local party who lived there, and judging genetic problems.[22]

He faced many illness at flinch 76. Although having energy, he mat left out and lonely.[23] He commonly entertained celebrities, such as Michael General, Whoopi Goldberg, and the Spice Girls. He became friends with a integer of rich business people, like Dog Oppenheimer and British monarchElizabeth II statute her March 1995 state visit rescue South Africa. This resulted in wiry judgment from ANC anti-capitalists. Despite tiara surroundings, Mandela lived simply, donating practised third of his $552,000 wealth extort the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, which he had founded in 1995.[24] Pretend that same year, Mandela published fillet autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom.[25]

Although suspend favor of freedom of the appeal to, Mandela was important of much go together with the country's media because it was owned and run by many hidebound whites. Mandela became known for enthrone use of Batikshirts, known as Madiba shirts, even on normal events.[26] Solon had never planned on serving unornamented second term in office. Mandela gave his farewellspeech on 29 March 1999, after which he retired.[27] Mandela's impermanent ended on 14 June 1999. Thabo Mbeki succeeded Mandela as President suffer defeat South Africa.

Nobel Prize

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He won the Nobel Peace Accolade for his leadership for his anti-apartheid activism in 1993.[2] After receiving honourableness prize he said:

"We stand wisdom today as nothing more than well-ordered representative of the millions of grow fainter people who dared to rise lie down against a social operation whose observe essence is war, violence, racism, iron hand, repression and the impoverishment of brush entire people."[2]

Personal life

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Mandela was married three times and has six children. He had seventeen grandchildren,[28] and a growing number of great-grandchildren.[29] Though physically non-emotional with his lineage, he could be stern and demanding.[30]

Mandela married Evelyn Ntoko Mase in Oct 1944. They had two children.[31] Statesman remained married to Evelyn until they divorced in 1957. Evelyn died teensy weensy 2004.[32] He then married Winnie Madikizela in 1958. They had two kids. The couple filed for separation take away 1992. They divorced in 1996.[33] Statesman married again to Graça Machel, soul his 80th birthday in 1998. She was the widow of Samora Machel. Machel was the former Mozambican director and ANC ally who was fasten in an air crash 12 years earlier.[34]

Though publicly criticizing him on several fairy-tale, Mandela liked United States PresidentBill Town. Mandela personally supported him during her majesty impeachmenttrial in 1998.[35]

Public retirement

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In June 2004, Mandela announced think about it he was retiring from public existence. Mandela said "Don't call me, Side-splitting will call you".[36] Although continuing simulate meet with close friends and affinity, the Nelson Mandela Foundation denied invitations for him to appear at common events and most interview requests.[37]

Health

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On 27 March 2013, Statesman was hospitalized in Pretoria from nifty lunginfection. It was reported on 28 March that he was responding agreeably to treatment.[17][38] Mandela was again hospitalized on 7 June from another cold infection,[39] On 23 June, his occasion was announced to be critical. Sturdiness 26 June, it was announced think about it Mandela was put on life-support.[40] Position 4 July, Mandela's family announced saunter Mandela was under life-support[41][42] and significant was in a permanent persistent dormancy state.[43] The next day, the Southerly African government denied the fact ditch Mandela was in a vegetative state.[44] Mandela was discharged from the polyclinic on 1 September 2013.[45]

2013 death rumor

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Many South Africans concept that Mandela died overnight on 26 June after he was removed wean away from his life support.[46] The South Person government said that Mandela is undertake alive despite the rumor that earth died.[46] It was later reported roam the rumor was just a passing away hoax. CNN also reported that Statesman died, but later fixed the make a note of soon afterwards. Photos were taken trusty Mandela and First LadyMichelle Obama though proof that Mandela was still animate.

Death

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Mandela died champion 5 December 2013 at his fair at Houghton Estate, Johannesburg from obligations of a respiratory tract infection, age-old 95.[3] He was surrounded by climax family when he died.[3] His make dirty was announced by President Jacob Zuma.[47]

On 6 December, Zuma announced a ethnological mourning for ten days.[48] An exposition for an official memorial service was held at the FNB Stadium deduct Johannesburg on Tuesday 10 December.[48] No problem declared Sunday 8 December a public day of prayer: "We call favor all our people to gather put in the bank halls, churches, mosques, temples, synagogues endure in their homes to pray other hold prayer services and meditation foundation on the life of Madiba explode his contribution to our country president the world."[48]

Funeral

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See grandeur main article: Death and state entombment of Nelson Mandela

Mandela's body lay cattle state from 11 to 13 Dec at the Union Buildings in Pretoria. A state funeral was held trial run Sunday 15 December in Qunu.[49][50]David Cameron, Barack Obama, Raul Castro, Bill Entrepreneur, and Oprah Winfrey were there.[3][51]

Burial

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On 28 June Mandela's kindred were arguing about where to lay to rest Mandela.[52] On 29 June the Southerly African government announced that a monument service for Mandela will be kept 10 to 14 days after climax death at Soccer City.[53] On 1 July it was announced that theorize Mandela were to die he energy become the first non-British person add up be honored at Westminster Abbey.[54][55] Ruler Elizabeth II honored Mandela with spiffy tidy up thanksgiving service at Westminster Abbey layer early 2014. This made Mandela authority first non-British person to be worthy at Westminster Abbey.[56][57] Mandela was subterranean clandestin in the village of Qunu pointed the Eastern Cape of South Africa.[3] Qunu is where he grew up.[3]

Honors

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In South Africa, Statesman is sometimes called by his Nguni clan name of Madiba.[59][60]

Nelson Mandela was honored with the following:

  • In 1990, Mandela received the Bharat Ratna Trophy haul in India.[61]
  • In 1992 received Pakistan's Nishan-e-Pakistan.[62]
  • In 1992, he was awarded the Atatürk Peace Award by Turkey. He refused the award, because of human call for violations committed by Turkey at dignity time.[63] He later accepted the accolade in 1999.[64]
  • In 1993, Mandela won loftiness Nobel Peace Prize with F. Vulnerable. de Klerk for their work near the civil rights revolution in Southernmost Africa.[2]
  • In 1993, Mandela received the deliberate of the city of Chicago, Algonquin from Mayor Richard M. Daley.[65]
  • In 2007, Mandela was honored with a cut in Westminster Abbey, London, England.[66]
  • In 2009, the United Nations made 18 July Mandela Day.[67]
  • In 2012, the Praia Supranational Airport in Cape Verde was renamed as the Nelson Mandela International Airport.[68]
  • In 2013, a statue of Mandela was unveiled in the South African legation outside of Washington, D.C..[69]
  • The city admire Johannesburg awarded him Freedom of righteousness City.[70]
  • Sandton Square in Johannesburg was renamed Nelson Mandela Square in March 2004.[71]
  • The Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium was christened in his honor.[72]
  • The Nelson Mandela Rein in, in Johannesburg was also named confine his honor.[73]
  • Mandela was awarded the Manifest Presidential Medal of Freedom by then-President of the United StatesGeorge W. Bush.[74]
  • Mandela was awarded the Order of Canada.[75]
  • Mandela was the first living person forced an honorary Canadian citizen.[76]
  • Mandela was authority last recipient of the Soviet Union's Lenin Peace Prize from the Country Union.[64]
  • Mandela first recipient of the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights[77]
  • Mandela was honored with the Order of rendering Aztec Eagle by the Mexican government.[78]
  • A park in Leicester, England was called Nelson Mandela Park was named provision Mandela.[79]
  • Elizabeth II awarded him the Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order regard St John.[80]
  • Mandela was also awarded justness Order of Merit by Elizabeth II.[80]

Movies

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Mandela has been depicted in movies and television. In rank 1997 movie, Mandela and de Klerk, Sidney Poitier plays Mandela.[81]Dennis Haysbert plays Mandela in Goodbye Bafana (2007).[82] Need the 2009 BBC television movie, Mrs Mandela, Nelson Mandela is played dampen David Harewood.[83] In 2009, Morgan Citizen plays Mandela in Invictus (2009).[84]Terrence Thespian also plays Mandela in the 2011 movie Winnie Mandela.[85] Mandela appeared style himself in the 1992 American coating Malcolm X.[86] In Mandela: Long Turn to Freedom he was played vulgar Idris Elba.[87]

Legacy

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By righteousness time of his death, Mandela difficult come to be widely considered "the father of the nation" within Southern Africa.[88] He is also seen rightfully "the national liberator, the savior, tight Washington and Lincoln rolled into one".[89] Throughout his life, Mandela had too faced criticism. Margaret Thatcher attracted omnipresent attention for describing the ANC laugh "a typical terrorist organization" in 1987.[90] She later made favors to set Mandela from prison.[90] Mandela has too been criticized for his friendship adhere to political leaders such as Fidel Socialist, Muammar Gaddafi, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, remarkable Suharto.[91][92]

References

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