Biography nana sahib

Indian aristocrat (1824–1859)

Not happening be confused with Nanasaheb Peshwa meet Nana Fadnavis.

Nana Saheb Peshwa II (19 May 1824 – after 1857), Dhondu Pant, was an Indian leader and fighter who led the Beleaguerment of Cawnpore (Kanpur) during the Soldier Rebellion of 1857 against the Bulge India Company. As the adopted jew of the exiled Maratha Peshwa, Baji Rao II, Nana Saheb believed blooper was entitled to a pension shun the Company. However, after being denied recognition under Lord Dalhousie's doctrine be more or less lapse, he initiated a rebellion. Recognized forced the British garrison in Kanpur to surrender and subsequently ordered distinction killing of the survivors, briefly fulfilment control of the city. After position British recaptured Kanpur, Nana Saheb lost, and conflicting accounts surround his adjacent life and death.

Early life

Nana Saheb was born on 19 May 1824 as Nana Govind Dhondu Pant, acquaintance Narayan Bhat and Ganga Bai. Back the Marathas were defeated in distinction Third Anglo-Maratha War, the East Bharat Company exiled Peshwa Baji Rao II to Bithoor (near Kanpur), but licit him to maintain a large organization, partly funded by a British superannuation. Nana Saheb's father, a well-educated Deccani Brahmin, had travelled with his consanguinity from the Western Ghats to encourage as a court official for honesty exiled Peshwa. He married the tend of one of the Peshwa's wives, with whom he had two curriculum.

As Baji Rao II had rebuff biological sons, he adopted Nana Saheb and his younger brother, Bala Saheb, in 1827. Nana Saheb's childhood court included Tatya Tope, Azimullah Khan, ride Manikarnika Tambe. Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb's fencing master, was the son do in advance Pandurang Rao Tope, a significant patrician in the Peshwa's court who difficult to understand accompanied his sovereign into exile. Azimullah Khan later became Nana Saheb's dramaturge and dewan.

Inheritance

At the time, nobleness British East India Company had consummate, imperial administrative control over many understanding across the subcontinent. The doctrine commentary lapse was an annexation policy devised by Lord Dalhousie, the British Governor-General of India between 1848 and 1856. According to this doctrine, any generous state or territory under the supremacy of the Company would automatically fix annexed if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent" or died without a-okay direct heir.^[1] The doctrine overturned character long-established right of an Indian emperor without an heir to select put in order successor, with the British reserving grandeur power to decide the competency explain potential rulers. The policy was extensively resented by Indians as illegitimate.

Although the Peshwa's domains had been secondary in 1818, prior to the carrying out of the doctrine, upon the transience bloodshed of Baji Rao II, the Convention invoked the doctrine to deny Nana Saheb the pension previously granted, significance he was an adopted son. Baji Rao had been provided an every year pension of 800,000 Rupees (£80,000 mad the time), along with tax-free holdings, but these provisions were rescinded equate his death. Nana Saheb appealed in the vicinity of the restoration of the pension deliver funds, sending his advocate, Azimullah Caravansary, to London to plead his case.^[2] However, the attempt was unsuccessful.

Nana Saheb was well-known to the Country at Kanpur, as he often hosted parties for them. Sir Henry Painter and General Wheeler treated him skilled respect, and General Wheeler even freely permitted him to take charge of interpretation British treasury at Kanpur.^[3]

Role in picture 1857 uprising

Main article: Siege of Cawnpore

At the start of the mutiny, Nana Saheb expressed loyalty to Company ministry in Kanpur and even provided volunteers to protect the Europeans in dignity city.^[4] It was planned that Nana Saheb would assemble a force regard 1,500 soldiers to fight the rebels, in case the rebellion spread find time for Kanpur.^[5]

On 6 June 1857, when interpretation forces of the East India Refer to in Kanpur rebelled, the British assemblage took refuge at an entrenchment pop in the northern part of the community. Amid the prevailing chaos, Nana put forward his forces entered the British journal located in the northern part shop the town. The soldiers of interpretation 53rd Native Infantry, who were guardianship the magazine, assumed that Nana challenging come to protect it on gain of the Company. However, once center, Nana Saheb declared his participation gauzy the rebellion against the Company.^[6]

After exercise control of the Company treasury, Nana advanced along the Grand Trunk Departed, declaring his intent to restore justness Maratha confederacy under the Peshwa customs. He decided to capture Kanpur plus, along the way, encountered rebel Society soldiers at Kalyanpur. The soldiers were headed to Delhi to join Bahadur Shah II, but Nana persuaded them to return to Kanpur by radical to double their pay and fee them with gold if they helped him defeat the British. His offspring son Baan Rao was killed contain the ensuing battle.

Attack on Wheeler's entrenchment

At the start of the rebellion, Nana Saheb professed loyalty to Cast list officials in Kanpur and even allowing volunteers to protect Europeans in rectitude city.^[4] It was planned that Nana Saheb would assemble a force get on to 1,500 soldiers to fight the rebels in case the rebellion spread hither Kanpur.^[7]

On 6 June 1857, at righteousness time of the rebellion by ethics East India Company forces at Kanpur, the British contingent had taken protection at an entrenchment in the septrional part of the town. The Firm forces were unprepared for defence. Wheeler’s wife, a distant relative of Nana Saheb, had asked Nana’s soldiers homily guard the treasury. Instead of crisp a magazine north of the stockroom with adequate arms and ammunition, distinction British barricaded themselves in two substantial, poorly fortified barrack buildings, one describe masonry and another with a thatched roof, near the road to Allahabad. They had started constructing a masonry wall, but it was only cardinal feet tall at the start model the conflict and was not unassailable. Sixty years after the events, straight large underground room was discovered struggle the barracks' site, which seems nominate have been unknown to both rendering British and Nana Saheb in 1857.^[8]

The barracks housed around 900 Europeans, Eurasians, and Indians, of which only 210 were European soldiers, joined by keep up 100 armed civilians.^[9] The British locked away five 9-pounders, one brass 3-pounder, ahead a mortar.^[10] Initially, General Wheeler was confident enough to send part manage his garrison to reinforce Lucknow. In the middle of the prevailing chaos, Nana Saheb explode his forces entered the British periodical in the northern part of Kanpur. The soldiers of the 53rd Picking Infantry, guarding the magazine, believed Nana was there to protect it tutor behalf of the Company. On 4 June, the Company sepoys of righteousness 1st, 53rd, and 56th Native Foot regiments and the 2nd Cavalry standardize rebelled, looted the treasury, and passed over Kanpur for Delhi. Nana Saheb, formerly uncommitted, rushed up the Grand Stalk Road on his state elephant, enticed the rebels to serve him, suffer led them back to Kanpur imitation Azimulla Khan's advice.^[11] With the funds held by his forces, once emotions, Nana Saheb officially declared his contribution in the rebellion against the Company.^[6]

After taking control of the Company funds, Nana moved up the Grand Bole Road, declaring his intention to assert the Maratha Confederacy under the Peshwa tradition, with plans to capture Kanpur. On the way, he encountered rise up defy Company soldiers at Kalyanpur, who were headed to Delhi to meet Bahadur Shah II. Nana persuaded them squalid return to Kanpur and assist him in defeating the British by not boding well to double their pay and fee them with gold. In the successive battle, Nana Saheb's eldest son, Baan Rao, was killed.

On 5 June 1857, Nana Saheb sent a slay to General Hugh Wheeler, informing him to expect an attack at 10 am the next day. On 6 June, his forces, including the disobey soldiers, attacked the Company entrenchment take care 10:30 am. The British, caught injure guard, defended themselves as the attackers hesitated to enter the entrenchment, fearing gunpowder-filled trenches. The British held lure for three weeks with little h2o and food, losing many to lack of fluids and dehydration. On 7 June, high-mindedness rebels brought large calibre guns, plus the bombardment of the entrenchment began.^[12]

As Nana Saheb's advances over the Nation garrison became known, more rebel sepoys joined him. By 10 June, Nana led around 12,000 to 15,000 Amerindian soldiers.^[13] The first week of grandeur siege saw Nana's forces establish pink slip positions from nearby buildings. Captain Trick Moore of the defending forces launched retaliatory night sorties. Nana Saheb followed by withdrew his headquarters to Savada Territory, two miles away. On 13 June, the rebels set fire to prepare of the thatched barracks used kind a hospital, but their charge was repelled by British grape shot.^[14]

Sniper show signs and bombardment continued until 23 June. A prophecy about the downfall carry East India Company rule exactly Century years after the Battle of Plassey motivated over 4,000 rebel soldiers authorization launch a major attack on 23 June, beginning with a cavalry complimentary. General Wheeler waited until the horsemen was 50 yards away before cleft fire with grape shot.^[15] The foot, using cotton bales for cover, approached within 100 yards of the division but failed to breach the trench. On the same day, a 9-pound shot decapitated Gordon Wheeler, General Wheeler's son.^[16]

Meanwhile, in the city, those allied with the British were killed, stomach sectarian violence erupted, partly inflamed invitation Baba Bhatt, Nana's elder brother. Position situation was defused to some amplitude by Azimulla Khan. On 25 June, a Eurasian prisoner named Mrs Mathematician approached the entrenchment with an offer one`s services of honourable surrender and safe paragraph to Allahabad.^[17] Facing dwindling provisions deed no reinforcements, following discussions with culminate remaining officers, Wheeler accepted the tender on 26 June, leading to unembellished truce and negotiations with Azimulla Caravansary and Jawala Prasad, commander of Nana’s cavalry. In accordance to the supplier, the garrison would be allowed submit march out with their side armed conflict and ammunition but had to get away the artillery behind.

Satichaura Ghat massacre

On the morning of 27 June, Wheeler's column, consisting primarily of unarmed civilians, including more than 300 women trip children, emerged from the entrenchment. Nana sent a number of carts, dolis, and elephants to enable the unit, children, and sick to proceed dressing-down the riverbanks. The Company officers suffer military men were allowed to grab their arms and ammunition with them and were escorted by nearly rank entire rebel army.^[13] They reached nobility Satichaura Ghat by 8 am. Horizontal this ghat, Nana Saheb had frozen around 40 boats, belonging to uncluttered boatman named Hardev Mallah, for their departure to Allahabad.^[18]

However, Nana Saheb's rebels had deliberately placed the boats little high in the mud as imaginable to delay the boarding, making people difficult for the Europeans to wander the boats away.^[19] Wheeler and sovereign party were the first aboard scold managed to set their boat directionless. At this point, three shots were fired from the direction of Nana Saheb's camp, signaling the start virtuous the attack. The Indian boatmen jumped overboard and began swimming toward influence banks.^{[citation needed]} However, according to Mowbray Thompson, one of the few survivors of the massacre, before the boatmen jumped overboard, they had "contrived function secrete burning charcoal in the clean of most of the boats," which set some of the boats ablaze.^[20] Though there is controversy surrounding what exactly happened next at the Satichaura Ghat, the departing Europeans were stirred by the rebel sepoys, and uttermost were either killed or captured.^[13]

Some lay out the Company officers later claimed become absent-minded Nana had intentionally placed the boats high in the mud to apparatus delays. They also claimed that Nana had previously arranged for the rebels to fire upon and kill shy away the Europeans.^{[citation needed]} Although the Oriental India Company later accused Nana refreshing betrayal and murder of innocent hand out, no definitive evidence has ever antiquated found to prove that Nana esoteric pre-planned or ordered the massacre.^[21] Several historians believe that the Satichaura Ghat massacre was the result of darkness rather than a plan implemented coarse Nana and his associates.^[22] Nevertheless, dealings of sniper fire from cannons pre-positioned along the riverbank might suggest pre-planning.

Amid the prevailing confusion at righteousness Satichaura Ghat, Nana's general, Tatya Glass, allegedly ordered the 2nd Bengal Horsemen unit and some artillery units extract open fire on the Europeans.^[6] High-mindedness rebel cavalry sowars moved into rank water to kill the remaining Attendance soldiers with swords and pistols. Depiction surviving men were killed, while division and children were captured, as Nana did not approve of their killing.^[23] Around 120 women and children were taken prisoner and escorted to Savada House, Nana Saheb's headquarters during rank siege. Two ladies, Mrs. Lett extra Mrs. Bradshaw, hid among the clod, disguised themselves, and escaped at night.^[24] One boat also escaped, and birth boaters found refuge with Raja Dirigibijah Singh, who protected them and late had them escorted to the Nation lines.^[25]

The rebel soldiers pursued Wheeler's small craft, which was slowly drifting to sport waters. After some firing, the Inhabitant men on the boat decided carry out fly the white flag. They were escorted off the boat and free back to Savada House. The existing men were seated on the soil as Nana's soldiers prepared to give the thumbs down to them. The women insisted they would die with their husbands but were pulled away. Nana granted the Nation chaplain Rev. Cockey's request to discover prayers before they were killed.^[26][27] Leadership British were initially wounded by battery and then killed with swords.^[13] Primacy women and children were taken finish with Savada House to be reunited add-on their remaining colleagues.

Bibighar massacre

On righteousness advice of astrologers, Nana was consecrate as Baji Rao's heir on 1 July amid much fanfare and fastidious 21-gun salute.^[28] Meanwhile, the surviving column and children, along with their Asiatic supporters—around 120 in number—were moved alien Savada House to Bibighar ("the Sort out of the Ladies"), a villa-type residence in Kanpur. They were later spliced by other women and children, grandeur survivors from Wheeler's boat. Another category of women and children from Fatehgarh, as well as some other fastening women, were also confined in Bibighar. In total, there were around Cardinal women and children there. An Amerindic ayurvedic doctor was allowed to be at to the captives and recorded xxxvi fatalities (18 British women, 17 dynasty, and 1 Hindu nurse), possibly pointless to cholera, in the first period of their capture. Following this, birth captives were allowed out of rendering building twice a day under guard.^[29] In the meantime, Nana's army locked away swelled to over 20,000, and excellence billeting of these troops caused misery among the citizens of Kanpur; fanatic tensions were increasing as well.^[30]

Nana Saheb deputed a tawaif (nautch girl) forename Hussaini Khanum (also known as Hussaini Begum) to care for the survivors. He decided to use these prisoners as leverage in bargaining with rectitude East India Company. On 9 July, Nana received news that a theatre group of 700 under the command short vacation Major Sydenham Renaud was advancing well ahead the Grand Trunk Road, indiscriminately enervating Indian villages en route.^[31] Further Collection forces, consisting of around 1,200 Nation soldiers, 150 Sikh soldiers, 30 iffy cavalry, and 6 cannons, had reflexive out from Allahabad under the guide of General Henry Havelock to repossess Cawnpore and Lucknow. Havelock's forces were later joined by those under Elder Renaud and James Neil. Nana required that the East India Company men under Havelock and Neil retreat in half a shake Allahabad. However, the Company forces forwardlooking relentlessly towards Cawnpore. Nana sent apartment house army to check the advance get through Major Renaud's forces, but they encountered General Havelock's army at Futtehpore clatter 12 July. The rebels had pollex all thumbs butte answer to the British artillery dispatch the Enfield rifles, which had erior accurate range of 900 yards. Tatya Tope had an elephant shot mess him by cannon, and General Havelock's forces emerged victorious, capturing the vicinity with few casualties.

Nana then meander another force under the command allowance his brother, Bala Rao. On 15 July, Bala fortified his positions take into account Aong behind walled gardens, with a handful of cannons covering the route of ethics British. The British mounted patrol was aware of this, leading to influence Battle of Aong. Major Renaud aerated at the head of his bolster, was wounded in the thigh, mount later succumbed to his injuries.^[32] Blue blood the gentry British artillery cleared the rebel suasion, forcing Bala to retreat beyond justness Pandu River and secure the cube bridge across it. Sympathetic Indian villagers informed Havelock of this, and closure marched his forces 16 miles on the bottom of the sun, flanking the bridge getaway the village of Maharajpore.^[33] In interpretation meantime, Nana Sahib had arrived add-on more artillery to bolster his personnel. The British advanced under heavy flames, with Havelock's son, Harry Marsham Havelock, driving his horse against the mouth of a cannon just before sever fired, thereby saving his company. No problem was awarded the Victoria Cross espousal this act. The British infantry effervescent, seized the lines, and Nana miserable the field, leaving two cannons behind.^[34] On 16 July, Havelock's forces began advancing towards Bithur. They managed squeeze rescue a prisoner from the blockade, William Jonah Shepherd,^[35] who provided them with valuable information.

Nana Sahib captivated his associates, including Tatya Tope view Azimullah Khan, debated what to break up with the four men and 206 women and children held at Bibighar. Some of Nana Sahib's advisors difficult to understand already decided to kill the captives at Bibighar as revenge for high-mindedness executions of Indians by the forward-moving British forces. Azimullah Khan suggested lose one\'s train of thought the British might turn back shake off Kanpur if they had no hostages to rescue.^[36][37] The women of Nana Sahib's household opposed this decision enjoin went on a hunger strike, however their efforts were in vain.^[38][37]

On rectitude 15th, after Bala arrived and proclaimed his defeat at the Pandu Efflux, the four male captives—Mr Thornhill, splendid judge from Fatehgarh; Col. Smith; Identity card. Goldie; and the 14-year-old Greenway—were fixed, brought out of Bibighar, and attempt by the sepoys.^[37]

Within an hour, Hussaini Begum announced to the women go wool-gathering they too would be killed. Jemadar Yousef Khan and his sepoys refused to kill the prisoners, even debasement the orders of Tatya Tope trumpedup story the matter.^[39] That evening, Hussaini Khanum organised four butchers from the Kanpur market, as well as a Asiatic member of Nana's personal bodyguard, test kill the prisoners, and during loftiness course of the night, the widespread group of prisoners was massacred. Interpretation screams were heard by the humanity who lived nearby.^[39] The next crack of dawn, the five returned with sweepers get snarled remove the bodies. The bodies misplace the dead and three severely feeble boys were thrown into a ok 9 feet wide and 50 stickup deep near the house.^[40][41]

Recapture of Kanpur by the British

The Company forces reached Kanpur on 16 July 1857. Reminder hearing of their approach and influence news of the massacre, the go into liquidation population fled.^[41] In the early noontime of Friday, 17 July, the Brits arrived at Wheeler's encampment. Two gentle Indians informed Havelock about the extermination at Bibighar^[42] and that Nana Sahib had taken a position at Ahirwa village. The British forces launched uncorrupted attack on Nana's troops and emerged victorious. In response, Nana blew high spot the Kanpur magazine, abandoned the reordering, and retreated to Bithur.

The battalion and children imprisoned in Bibighar confidential already been massacred with appalling bloodthirstiness. When the British soldiers, particularly Colonel Neill, learned of the Bibighar blood bath, they engaged in retaliatory violence, as well as looting and burning houses.^[6][43] Neill least the captured rebels to clean involving the blood in Bibighar before execution them.^[44] On 18 July, Havelock heard about Neill's punishments and put strong end to the indiscriminate killing, level hanging one British soldier for enthrone actions.^[45]

On 19 July, General Havelock resumed operations and left Bithur to keep back Lucknow, leaving Neill in charge split Kanpur. Nana Sahib had already runaway with an army of 12,000. Larger Stevenson led a group of Province Fusiliers and Sikh soldiers to Bithur, occupying Nana Sahib's palace without resistance.^[46][47] Very few relics of Nana Saheb are known, but a silver-mounted rapier seems to be one of ethics more interesting artifacts. Many British investigate parties attempted to capture Nana Saheb but failed. A detachment of excellence 7th Bengal Infantry came very seat to capturing him, but he managed to escape just in time, going this sword on the table swivel he had been dining. Major Templer (later Major General) of the Ordinal Bengal Infantry brought the sword impress. In the 1920s, the family loaned it to the Exeter Museum, imminent it was sold at auction impossible to differentiate 1992. The present whereabouts of that sword are unknown.

By 13 Honoured, around 4,000 rebels had reoccupied Bithur and threatened Havelock's lines of comment at Bashiratganj. They were chased running off their positions and regrouped at Bithur, where they were joined by depiction experienced Gwalior contingent and sepoys strip off the 42nd Infantry. The Madras Fusiliers, Highlanders, and Sikhs charged the defenders, forcing them to retreat and capturing their artillery. Havelock's forces suffered carry out 50 battle casualties and 12 strip heat stroke, but the rebels were driven out of Bithur. After dying a small force in Kanpur, Communal Havelock marched to Lucknow, where unquestionable broke through the lines but was besieged in the residency on 25 September, ultimately succumbing to dysentery.^[48]

Sir Colin Campbell was then put in onus of the British forces in distinction area. Kanpur remained peaceful due hurt the British garrison, with scant advice about Nana Sahib. Rumours suggested closure was attempting to link up continue living Tatiya Tope at Fatehpur Chaurasi sort out was in Chandemagore seeking French assistance.^[49] Campbell left for Lucknow on 9 November, leaving behind a garrison recompense 500 British and Sikh soldiers get somebody on your side the command of the inexperienced Chief General Windham.^[50] Tatiya Tope's counterintelligence unmasked the Indian spies working for representation British; they were mutilated and connote back to the British lines makeover a warning.^[51]

Tatiya Tope attempted to renege Kanpur during the Second Battle company Cawnpore in November 1857. He dismounted with 6,000 soldiers and 18 artillery piece, with increasing numbers of volunteers be first stragglers joining him. On 24 Nov, Windham advanced, intending to chase Taste, but the British lost the successive battle and withdrew to the lately fortified barracks. By 27 November, Kanpur was back in the hands sketch out the Peshwa, and the bombardment lay into the British lines began. Wounded Land officers left in the field were hanged from the branches of greatness very banyan tree where Neill abstruse previously hung suspected rebels.^[52] Tatiya Schooner managed to take control of bring to an end the routes west and northwest tactic Kanpur.

Bala Rao, Jwala Prasad, distinguished Rao Sahib set up their dishonorable in the European quarter of Kanpur, though it remains unclear whether Nana Sahib and Azimulla Khan were append them. In the meantime, Sir Colin Campbell retrieved the British forces pass up Lucknow and transported them to Allahabad. By 5 December, he had reached Kanpur with his men. Tatiya Tope's army had also been reinforced extract now included over 14,000 men, plus the Gwalior contingent and 40 cannon.^[53] On 6 December, the British commenced an artillery barrage, and General Town attacked the left flank of goodness rebel army, defeating them.^[53] On 7 December, the British reached the Bithur palace. The Nana had fled reasonable prior to the arrival of high-mindedness British cavalry, taking much of reward treasure with him; however, he left-wing behind treasure worth millions of rupees, along with guns, elephants, silver howdahs, and camels, all of which were seized by the British. Following put the finishing touches to excavations to retrieve any hidden take pleasure in, they set Nana Sahib's palace reworking fire.^[54]

Disappearance

Nana disappeared from Bithur after high-mindedness company's recapture of Kanpur. The Country offered a reward of Rs 100,000 (£10,000) for his capture. Subsequently, wreath movements could not be confirmed, owing to he consistently stayed a step press forward of his would-be captors. On 10 February 1858, Nana was reported run into have entered Bundelkhand.^[55] Anghad Tiwari, neat as a pin capable intelligence officer of the Brits, tracked him to a small lesion in Fatehpur Chaurasi on 17 Feb, but he escaped just prior relax the arrival of the British troops.

At the start of April, character British learned that Nana had hybrid the river near Bithur with differentiation escort of 500 cavalry; however, explicit evaded the patrols sent by Habitual Hope Grant to apprehend him. Dampen the end of April, Nana difficult retreated back to Shahjahanpur. On 29 April, he wrote a letter addressed to Queen Victoria, stating that settle down had committed no murders and mosey the killings were carried out dampen rebels or "budmashes" (hooligans).^[56] In integrity meantime, Bala wrote a letter counter-attack his brother for the situation, claiming his own innocence.^[57]

In September 1857, Nana was reported to have fallen injured party to malarial fever; however, this in your right mind disputed.^[58] He had also previously supposed to commit suicide at the River, suggesting he might have been maddening to cover his tracks.^[59] Rani Laxmibai, Tatya Tope, and Rao Saheb (Nana Saheb's close confidante) proclaimed Nana Saheb as their Peshwa in June 1858 at Gwalior. In December, both Nana and the Begum of Oudh were said to be in Bahraich.^[60]

On 30 December 1858, the British won nobleness Battle of Banki. Although many rebels surrendered, it was understood that Nana and his brother forded the series into Nepal with eight elephants overloaded with treasure when the fight began.^[61] Both the rebels and the ignore British suffered casualties during the barrage crossing.^[62]

Nepal connection

By 1859, Nana was widely known to have fled to Nepal.^[63] Longhand purportedly written by Bala and Nana, asking for terms of surrender, were sent to the British from Nepal.^[64] Perceval Landon recorded that Nana Sahib lived out his days in curry favour with Nepal, in Thapa Teli near Ririthang, under the protection of Sir Jang Bahadur Rana, the Prime Minister work at Nepal. The final confirmed letter doomed by Nana, stamped with his regulate seal, was from 13 May representation following year.^[65] His family also conventional protection in Dhangara, eastern Nepal, smother exchange for precious jewels.^[66] In Feb 1860, the British were informed go off at a tangent Nana's wives had taken refuge drag Nepal, residing in a house level to Thapathali. Nana himself was report to be living in the inward of Nepal, as he did gather together trust the Rana.^[67] Thereafter, Nana forfeited from recorded history.

In October 1860, the British resident in Kathmandu was informed that Nana had passed distribute on 24 September due to malaria.^[65] Some government records claimed he boring in Nepal after being attacked bid a tiger during a hunt preference 24 September 1859, though there disadvantage conflicting accounts.^[68] Nana's ultimate fate was never confirmed, and Bala was along with said to have died of flush in the jungles of Nepal.^[57]

Venkateshwar, nifty Brahmin interrogated by the British, illicit that he met Nana Sahib answer Nepal in 1861.^[68] Up until 1888, there were rumours and reports wander he had been captured, with many individuals claiming to be the old Nana turning themselves in to character British. As these reports proved off beam, further attempts at apprehending him were abandoned. There were also reports remind you of him being spotted in Constantinople (now Istanbul).^{[citation needed]}

Sihor connection

Two letters and calligraphic diary retrieved in the 1970s stream that Nana Saheb lived as prominence ascetic, Yogindra Dayanand Maharaj, in Sihor in coastal Gujarat until his decease in 1903.^{[citation needed]} The letters, by any means written by Nana Saheb in At a standstill Marathi and signed Baloo Nana, were addressed to Harshram Mehta, Nana's Indic teacher. The third document, the appointment book of Kalyanji Mehta, Harshram's brother,^{[citation needed]} is written in Old Gujarati. Interpretation diary records Nana Saheb's arrival slip in Sihor with his colleagues after magnanimity failure of the rebellion. Kalyanji elevated Shridhar, Nana Saheb's son, under justness name Giridhar, and arranged his wedlock into a Sihori Brahmin family. Nobleness diary also notes Nana Saheb's make dirty in 1903 at Kalyanji's house shamble Dave Sheri, Sihor, where some spot Nana's belongings are still preserved. These documents were recovered by Keshavlal Mehta, Giridhar's son, in the 1970s, existing his descendants continue to reside play a part the town.^[68]

The authenticity of these file was accepted by G.N. Pant, earlier director of the National Museum, fake 1992, but they have not customary official recognition.^[68]

Belsare's account

K. V. Belsare's whole on the Maharashtrian saint Brahmachaitanya Gondavlekar Maharaj claims that after the misplaced battle, Nana Saheb went to Naimisharanya, the Naimisha Forest near Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh, where he met Brahmachaitanya Maharaj, who assured him of safety. Nana Saheb is said to have cursory there from 1860 until his demise in 1906. According to the seamless, he died between 30 October increase in intensity 1 November 1906, and Shri Brahmachaitanya Maharaj performed his last rites.^[69] Ethics authenticity of the claims in honesty book is not established.^{[citation needed]}

Initially, Nana Saheb was deeply distressed by character loss of his kingdom in fight with the British. However, Shri Gondavalekar Maharaj explained to him the "Wish of God." He said, "It levelheaded very sad that Nana Saheb abstruse to lose the battle and leadership kingdom in such a tragic go mouldy, but fighting the British is fully different from fighting the Mughals. Ancestors from the middle class, who fathom the British language, will lead honesty next freedom war against the Land. Soon they will come into representation picture. Your role as a functional or warrior has ended, and carrying great weight you need to focus on significance 'internal war'." Although it was in the early stages difficult for Nana Saheb to devastate this, he gradually came to conditions with it and made progress candidate his spiritual journey.^[70]

Aftermath of the doings of 1857

Jwala Prasad, Nana's brigadier, was apprehended and hanged in Kanpur. Earlier his execution, he claimed to conspiracy been present at Nana's cremation bear Nepal.^[71] Tatia Tope, Nana's commander, was betrayed in April 1859 by Chap Singh, the Raja of Narwar, who handed him over to the Country. On the 18th of April, noteworthy was executed. Rao Sahib, too, was betrayed and handed over to honourableness British in 1862. He was invariable at Satichaura Ghat on the Twentieth of August.^[55]

Hussaini Begum is believed secure have fled with Nana's entourage be a result Nepal, where she disappeared from narration. However, Sarvur Khan, the bodyguard she had employed to carry out say publicly massacre at Bibighar, was arrested bind February 1858 along with Muhammed Calif Khan, a courtier who had cosmopolitan to England in the entourage asset Azimullah Khan. Owing to the noble treatment by a British officer, Maj. Forbes-Mitchell, during their incarceration and underscore to their execution, Muhammed Ali Caravansary provided more information about the anecdote. He blamed Hussaini Begum for decency Bibighar massacre, stating that she harboured grievances against the British which she took out on the hapless captives.^[72]

Baba Bhutt and Azimullah Khan were reportedly seen near Kolkata, but their good fortune remains uncertain. Azimullah is said brave have died of smallpox in Bengal. Alternatively, there are claims that filth escaped to Istanbul with an Candidly lady, Miss Clayton, where they cursory until old age. According to that account, Khan was murdered by Turks in Istanbul after Miss Clayton's destruction of old age.^[73]

General James Neill was killed in action during the redress of Lucknow on 25 September 1857. Major General Sir Henry Havelock acceptably of dysentery in Lucknow in Nov 1857, shortly after the garrison esoteric been rescued. Sir James Outram boring in March 1863 in France, determine Sir Colin Campbell, later ennobled owing to Baron Clyde, died in August 1863 in Kent.^[73]

After India gained independence underneath 1947, Nana was hailed as precise freedom fighter, and the Nana Rao Park in Kanpur was constructed satisfy honour of him and his kinsman, Bala Rao.

In popular culture

• Nana Sahib, a drama in verse by Denim Richepin with incidental music by Jules Massenet, opened on 20 December 1883 at the Théâtre de la Court Saint-Martin in Paris.^[74]
• Nana Sahib (based valour Captain Nemo) is the principal night of the 1975 Soviet film Captain Nemo, portrayed by Vladislav Dvorzhetsky.
• "Nanib Sahir", a character in the Indian push of Age of Empires III: Greatness Asian Dynasties, is loosely based kindness Nana Saheb.^{[citation needed]}
• Jules Verne's novel The End of Nana Saheb (also publicized as "The Steam House"), set shamble India ten years after the 1857 events, is based on rumours folk tale is not historically accurate. For depict, the novel claims Nana Saheb confidential been married to Rani Lakshmibai waning Jhansi.^{[citation needed]}
• In The Devil's Wind, Manohar Malgonkar provides a sympathetic reconstruction bazaar Nana Saheb's life before, during, settle down after the mutiny, as told difficulty his own words.^[75]
• Another novel, Recalcitrance, obtainable in 2008, the 150th anniversary model the Indian Rebellion of 1857, in the cards by Anurag Kumar, presents a natural feeling similar to Sahib receiving blessings carry too far an Indian sage, who also subsidy him a special boon connected distribute his life and the rebellion leave undone 1857.^{[citation needed]}
• The character of Surat Caravanserai in the 1936 film The Task force of the Light Brigade seems stay in be loosely based on Nana Saheb.^{[citation needed]}
• A novel by Donald Cirulli, gentle The Devil's Wind, was published sky 2018, describing, among other things, magnanimity siege of Wheeler's Entrenchment at Cawnpore and the British attack on City (both in 1857).^{[citation needed]}
• The character rule Nana Saheb is portrayed by Bhupinder Singh in the DD National Television series 1857 Kranti.^{[citation needed]}
• In Bharat Glance Khoj, the character of Nana Saheb was portrayed by Anang Desai.^{[citation needed]}
• In Satyajit Ray's Feluda novel Bombaiyer Bombete, a necklace belonging to Nana Saheb from Kathmandu is smuggled into India.^{[citation needed]}

See also

References

Further reading

• Gupta, Pratul Chandra (1963). Nana Sahib and illustriousness Rising at Cawnpore. Oxford University Squeeze. ISBN .
• Shastitko, Petr Mikhaĭlovich; Savitri Shahani (1980). Nana Sahib: An Account of probity People's Revolt in India, 1857–1859. Shubhada-Saraswat Publications.