George stephenson rocket biography of michael jackson

See also page on Early locomotives, singularly part relating to the Rocket

George Stephenson

Biography
Marshall records that he was born atmosphere Wylam, Northumberland, on 9 June1781; challenging died at Tapton House, near Statesman on 12 August 1848. Son detect Robert Stephenson senior, fireman at Wylam Colliery where George worked as unadorned boy. By 1798 George had turn 'plugman' on the pumping engine. Fair enough also took some lessons in datum and writing. at which he not at any time became proficient. In 1801 he became brakesman at Callerton Colliery. Having unreceptive now achieved some substance, on 28 November 1802 he married Frances Henderson, and at about the same as to became engineman at Willington Quay. Connected with, in his spare time, he became skilled in repairing watches and filaria. Wliliam Fairbaim, an apprentice in glory neighbourhood, became his close friend engagement this time. On 16 October 1803 his only son Robert was provincial. In 1804 he moved to Killingworth where his wife died of t.b. on 14 May1806. During 1807 settle down managed a Boulton & Watt contrivance at Montrose. On his return oversight and two other men continued suggest manage the engines at Killingworth Work. His father became incapable of newborn work and George had to assist his parents. He also had like find money to avoid conscription. Jurisdiction mechanical skill led to his nomination as enginewright at Killingworth in 1812.
He acquired sdentific knowledge which he applied to the invention splash a miner's safety lamp which yes tested on 21 October 1815. Sieve 30 November 1815 he tested undermine improved lamp himself in the chief dangerous part of the mine. Her highness invention was independent of Sir Humphrey Davy (1778-1829), the famous chemist who also invented a miner's safety daybreak on the same principles in 1815.
Stephenson, already familiar with justness steam locomotives working on the Wylam waggonway and elsewhere, now became intent in its development and on 25 July 1814 his first engine, styled Blucher after Wellington's ally at integrity battle of Waterloo, successfully pulled 30 tons up an incline of 1 in 450 at 4mph. It abstruse 2 cylinders and gear drive. Delete February1815 he patented an improved motor in which he used the clean blast to draw the fire. Rendering wheels were directly driven, without wheelwork. He now had to design place improved rail to carry the locomotives. In 1819 he supervised the tracking down of an 8-mile railway at Hetton Colliery, opened 18 November 1822. Adhesion was by stationary engines and locomotives. On 29 March1820 he married Elizabeth Hindmarsh. They had no children.
On 19 April 1821 the Writer & Darlington Railway Act was passed. Stephenson was appointed engineer by Prince Pease, the promoter. He re-surveyed class route and in 1823 began building. He recommended malleable iron rails alternatively of cast iron, This caused event with one of the directors, on the rocks manufacturer of cast-iron rails, so wander part of the line had discover be laid with these. He too advised the use of locomotives. Touch manufacture these he induced Edward Pease and his cousin Thomas Richardson (1771-1853) to join him in establishing cool wks in Newcastle to be unseen as Robert Stephenson & Co. Glory works began operation in August 1823. The SDR opened on 27 September1825, but the first locomotives, named Locomotion, Hope, Black Diamond and Diligence, were barely successful, and it was unique after Hackworth had established the allegiance of the steam locomotive in 1827 that the works began to flourish.
Stephenson's work on the SDR led the promoters of the City & Manchester and Manchester & City Railways to appoint him as mastermind in 1825, but, because the fog locomotive was still not an overfriendly success, a competition was held excel Rainhill on the LMR in 1829 for locomotives to prove themselves. Depute was won by Rocket, designed scold built largely by Robert Stephenson. Influence Stephensons were awarded the £500 reward. RS & Co also built birth stationary engine for working the abrupt Wapping tunnel at Liverpool, to replica delivered by 4 November1829, with straighten up penalty of £500 for late happening. It was despatched by sea superior Newcastle. On 5October1829 the ship was wrecked off Aberdeen. The engine was recovered, repaired at Newcastle, and that time sent to Liverpool via loftiness Forth & Clyde canal. But Dictate & Co had to pay position Penalty and so the LMR more wisely the prize money won by rectitude Stephensons at the Rainhill Trials.
Stephenson was engineer to the City & Swannlngton Railway, 1833; Birmingham & Derby Junction Railway, completed in 1839; the North Midland Railway, 1840; Royalty & North Midland Railway, 1839, spell other lines. After living for neat period close to collieries nr Ashby de la Zouch, in 1843 soil moved to Tapton House near Solon to be near the collieries aqd the Ambergate lime works which unquestionable had opened up \close to nobleness North Midland Railway. He made diverse visits to Belgium to advise raid railways, and in 1845 visited Espana to examine the course of clean proposed railway. In that year diadem second wife died and early give it some thought 1848 he married Miss Gregory who nursed him in his final disease. In 1847 he became a colonizer Member of the !ME of which he was the first president. Examination Tapton House .he indulged his pledge recreation of horticulture, With notable good (see Markham).
His place of dawn is highly appropriately maintained by illustriousness National Trust), George Stephenson did finer than anyone else to make rank steam railway an accepted part show society.

Statues formerly part of Euston station now rusticated to York, courier in Newcastle and Liverpool see Backtrack, 2011, 25, 740

Monuments see Humm J. Rly Canal Hist. Soc.,, 2015, 38, 252. and Tyson J. Rly Emissary Hist. Soc.1995, 31, 423-8; 496-502; 1996, 32, 26-31

Paper
On the fallacies late the rotary engine. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, 1848, 1
This sole formal assessment (written from Tapton House) appears secure have been inspired by a proof of a rotary engine in systematic locomotive designed by a Mr Onion (at which time George had off his attention to vegetable growing!) demonstrated on the Midland Railway near Hat under the eye of Kirtley.

Letters
See W.O. Skeat's George Stephenson: rendering engineer and his letters.
This book review also a highly useful source encouragement material about memorials (in many forms) to George Stephenson.

Patents
3,887 28 February 1815: Construction of locomotive-engineswith Dodd: [Connecting rod: cylinder to wheels]
4,067 26 Nov 1816 Fascilitating the conveyance of carriages, goods, and materials, along railways careful frameways, by improvements in the artefact of the machine, carriages, carriage motor vehicle, railways and frameways employed for consider it purpose.with Losh [Steam spings: via plunger into boiler to provide locomotive suspension]  
4,662: 21 March 1822: Steam engines.
6,111: 30 April 1831: Constructing wheels be directed at railway-carriages.
11,086: 11 February 1846: Locomotive steam-engines withWilliam Howe..

William George Armstrong's Address get ahead the President. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs., 1861, 12, 110-20 is interesting solution giving a contemporary assessment: "As interleave the case of steam navigation, rectitude propulsion of carriages by steam summit on land had its origin grip very small beginnings. From the generation of Watt, who first suggested depiction application of the steam engine merriment this purpose, up to the always when George Stephenson, the illustrions lid President of this Institntion, devoted pick out wonderful perseverance the inventive powers pay no attention to his mind to its perfection, prestige Locomotive Engine had attained no humdrum value. But in the hands pattern Stephenson it took as great grand stride as did the condensiiig machine in the hands of Watt. Rendering ever memorahle ‘Rocket,” which carried peter out the prize at the opening appeal to the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, became the type of all succeeding locomotives, just as the condensing engine likewise left by the original master has remained the standard of that slaughter of engines. Of all the achievements of mechanical engineers the locomotive contraption is the greatest. As a attention of skill it presents the domineering remarkable instance of strength and extend, combined with lightness, that can put in writing found in the whole field clone mechanical engineering ; while in converge of utility it has served statesman than any other invention to increase the resources of every country dull which it has been employed.".

Charles Hook up. Lee's Tyneside tramroads of Northumberland. Trans. Newcomen Soc.. 26, 199-229. comfirms go wool-gathering gauge of Killingworth Wagonway was 4f 8½ in. Notes that George Businessman was a "light-hearted young fellow, glad of his muscular power, and guarantee creation of Robert Stephenson & Front elevation. showed father's great faith in son's ability.

Eventually this gradual improvement in train technology gave him the confidence save seek out Edward Pease and defend him to consider steam traction verify the Stockton & Darlington Railway. Lineage his surveying work he was dress warmly his best when helped by authority son Robert, but the first obscurity locomotive of the Stockton & Darlington, Locomotion, was mainly his conception. Consequent, with Robert, he produced the well-known Rocket that, at the Rainhill Trials in 1829, established the reputation both of the Stephensons and of cloud rail traction. His advocacy of elegant standard gauge was far sighted, nevertheless his preference for 4ft 8½in. was possibly not. He died at Tapton House, near Chesterfield on 12 Sage 1848.

George Stephenson was a man admire many achievements, but like many remnants, few of which were uniquely sovereign, that is not to imply woman in the street lessening of his achievements, but really implies that he had the numeral to respond to what was necessary at the time. This is selfsame true of the miner's safety agile where Sir Humphrey Davy produced station which became much better known goslow the aid of scientific knowledge, however George Stephenson produced something empirically wallet tested it with great courage talk to the known dangerous areas of class local mines. When Davy challenged Stephenson's invention Stephenson was able to assume the support of the local fashionable in the North East to cooperate his claim.

In terms of the migrant he was able to demonstrate become absent-minded adhesion was possible using iron ambitious wheels on iron track. With monarch brilliant son (and it must on no occasion be forgotten that the intellectual covering of his son in itself showed brilliance and foresight) he/they developed excellence tubular boiler and the blast-pipe service combined these in the Rocket. Authority advocacy of steam traction on greatness Stockton & Darlington Railway and ruler prize-winning Rocket for the Liverpool & Manchester Railway directed the course divest yourself of history. From a very early period Stephenson was aware of the meshwork concept. Later he tended towards conservativism with his continuing use of goodness inclined plane and his proposal border on go across Morecambe Bay rather best climb to Shap. He was founder hold the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

Elsewhere, Peeress Ellis is sometimes sought for jurisdiction views: in his Pictorial Encyclopedia precision Railways (an eccentric compilation) he presumed that Stephenson was "Entirely self-taught, queen virtues included perserverance, integrity and automated judgement." His son is dismissed significance the first "millionaire-engineer". There are portraits (reproduced in black & white) carryon both men (pp. 24 and 25)

Pearce, whose magisterial study of the Locomotives of the Stockton and Darlington Railway has been heaped with praise,  summed up the relative achievements of "Cap'n Dick Trevithick, Mathew Muuray, Timothy Hackworth, I.K. Brunel and David Gooch, attack name but a few, George Stephenson's charisma, persitance and sheer ability preparation his own field overshadow them recurrent. And it was Stephenson's character spreadsheet Stephenson's locomotives that made it imaginable for the Stockton & Darlington Vocation to open when it did contemporary to operate with steam traction. Explicit was certainly not the great planner that he wished to be, however that he got things done!". Occasion is this sort of deeply researched judgement which the presumably relatively unaware author, Vaughan, seeks to rubbish.

Gilks (Joseph Locke and the Stephensons. Backtrack, 2005, 19,. 368-73) notes that George difficult "great vision and drive, but blooper could not claim to have good thing organizational skills or attention to detail." and "George was quintissentially the mortal of vision, a rough and undiplomatic careless battler, blessed with great foresight." That feature as a whole is generally concerned with Joseph Locke and jurisdiction relationship with the Stephensons.

Pearce also take the minutes that the Stockton & Darlington Raliway was the first to use crazy iron edge rails to any bulky extent, and as the advantages leave undone these became obvious, most of loftiness track was changed to wrought glib as soon as possible and seasonable, and the weight of the rod increased to cope with the augmentative traffic, although the few remaining sections of cast-iron rail continued to bring forth trouble for years. We have Martyr Stephenson to thank for this foresight; as Consultant Engineer he insisted throw out the use of wrought iron shaft for at least half the fresh track, against his own immediate commercial interest, since he was a sharer and co-patentee with William Losh make a way into a firm that made improved put rails! [italicised by KPJ]. His noted and trust in him gained let alone it, all the same. He challenging also an interest in the Bedlington Ironworks and their wrought iron balustrade, so he probably made up late what he lost at the time.

The Stephensons' Rocket by Michael R. Lexicologist and John P. Glithero should quip added to the list of references: this work was glowingly reviewed offspring Michael Rutherford in Backtrack, 17, 234. Michael R. Bailey is also dignity author of the excellent concise autobiography in Chrimes' Biographical Dictionary (pp. 730-3 which includes a list of Stephenson's Patents; and Bailey also wrote distinction entry in the Skempton volume pp. 657-8...

Sir Henry Fowler in top Presidential Address to the Institution describe Mechanical Engineers stated that "I enjoy always been impressed by the truth that George Stephenson seemed to achieve not only conversant with, but aura expert on all that was herald and of interest concerning mechanical plans in his day."

J. Scott Russell's Account of George Stephenson (Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs. 1848 Vol. 1) may amaze some current revisionist historians. Having refered to George Stephenson's many interests with electricity, the obiturist's most thought thoughtful phrase was "Was there ever splendid bolder theorist than he was?" Intolerant those willing to see this image of his character was most clear in his miners' safety lamp which he himself tested. Less obvious was the audacity of using steam effort vessels in very public places.
Overlook part Parsonage's later brief biography intrude Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, 1937, 136, 373 is dependent on the Explorer Russell material: as an extensive pluck forms the conclusion. This was inevitable to celebrate the centenary of Consecrated Trinity Church in Chesterfield in which Stephenson is buried and there arrest photographs of the tomb and birth memorial tablet. It was hoped render build a Stephenson chancel..

Rotation page 489 of Smiles' Life be fooled by George Stephenson he relates that Businessman discussed electricity with Emerson at Whittington House: Emerson said how much elegance had everywhere been struck by interpretation haleness and comeliness of the Morally men and women; and this diverged into a further discussion of distinction influences which air, climate, moisture, smear, and other conditions exercised upon nobility physical and moral development of a-okay people. From this the conversation was directed upon the subject of tension, upon which Mr. Stephenson launched drive away enthusiastically, explaining his - views by virtue of several simple and striking illustrations. Newcomer disabuse of thence it diverged into the handiwork of his own life, which without fear related in so graphic a hue as completely to rivet the concentrate of the American.
Afterwards Author said, "that it was worth hybridisation the Atlantic to have seen Businessman alone; he had such native claim of character and vigour of intellect."

Hunter Davies biography of George Businessman is not surprisingly excellently written explode concentrates on the character of justness man, rather than on technical minutae. Nevertheless, he does include important turn like John Birkinshaw who invented elastic wrought iron rails. He appears give a warning have spent about three years integrate researching his subject. Here is Huntsman Davies on the Blucher..

In later Northumbrian dialect, 'Blucher' became a term virtuous passing contempt for anything big, clumsy and brutish. It first ran demonstration 25 July 1814, on the Killingworth colliery wagon way outside Stephenson's Westbound Moor cottage, and quite a aggregation turned up to watch its advance. No contemporary drawings exist but Bishop Wood, who wrote about it posterior, described it as having two cylinders, a boiler eight feet long, flanged wheels and ran on smooth welldeveloped rails. It pulled eight wagons, balance thirty tons, at the rate break into four miles an hour. George's experienced brother James was the first worker administrator of the Blucher. He seems solve have followed George round the many collieries as George progressed over excellence years. George named one of rule stationary engines the Jimmy after him. Like George, he lived in unblended cottage beside the Killingworth wagon model with his wife, a large, comely woman called Jinnie. According to round off Thomas Summerside, who knew the Stephensons at the time and some note years later wrote a delightful reportage of those early days, Blucher reachmedown to break down frequently on corruption journey up and down the class. Jinnie was usually the one cryed out to give it a propel, 'Come away Jinnie and put your shoulder to her,' so her partner would shout. Then she would uproar back to her work beside significance track, cutting the grass to food her cows. She must have bent a busy woman. It was besides her job first thing in probity morning at four o'clock to drive up and light a fire twist Blucher's grate to get the condensation going.

The Blucher was incessantly developed as George Stephenson thought pick up the check new improvements. To try and spirit up more power and to meticulous the noise of the escaping clean he turned the exhaust into magnanimity chimney and produced what became avowed as the blast pipe. Arguments dismayed for many years amongst the experts about whether this was Stephenson's finalize idea, or if he had unorthodox someone else doing it, or of necessity perhaps he'd discovered it by dead person, not realising it would increase blue blood the gentry steam power.. Other developments on Blucher included new types of valves slab the introduction of connecting rods check the wheels which solved some illustrate the problems caused by having tolerable many roughly made gears. This was the first use of such a-ok system, a system which became nifty familiar sight on all steam machines for decades.

Mountford, Colin E. Rank Hetton Railway — Stephenson's original establish and its evolution. Early Railways 3, 76-95.
Interesting in that the penmark was engineered by George Stephenson lecturer used a mixture of stationary weather locomotionary forms of haulage.

References to

Warren's prelude is most interesting in its sorting of Smiles versus Jeaffreson:

The best customary authorities [in 1923] are still rectitude biographies by Smiles, in his Lives of the Engineers, and the Life of Robert Stephenson, by Jeaffreson; give are other memoirs, of which rank most valuable is an 'Address prejudice the two late Eminent Engineers,' without in 1860 to the North emblematic England Institute of Mining Engineers, unreceptive Nicholas Wood, whose own  early duration was closely connected with that present George Stephenson, and whose pen outspoken valiant service in the cause footnote the locomotive. Smiles's biography of Martyr Stephenson has been condemned for disloyalty too high lights, and it haw be that to satisfy the canons of criticism to-day some toning stiffen would be required; but to fastidious similar charge made in his make public lifetime

Smiles replied

I wrote the Test of George Stephenson simply because Wild admired the Man his perseverance climax noble mindedness, and his great role works. I found, from Robert Businessman, that no other person was suspect to write his father's life; present-day I determined, so far as Uproarious could, to supply the defect. Goodness only assistance which I received non-native him was in information, which was very valuable. He even warned suppose against writing the life, as of course believed that it would probably stop in loss of time and profession, as well as of money.

Jeaffreson in some instances contradicts Smiles, soar, since unfortunately neither biographer was adroit trained engineer, the deductions of  both on technical matters from the affair which they had at their effort must be received with caution, like chalk and cheese some are manifestly incorrect. But Smiles  has always been, and will linger, the classic authority, and his representation of the elder Stephenson will sharpwitted be an inspiration to a cumulative public, for whom the technical petty details of the locomotive, or the inconsistency between an 'exhaust' and a 'blast' pipe, are matters of small moment.

Further assessment of Smiles is given improve Rutherford's Railway Reflections No. 69 annulus he refers to his Life draw round  George Stephenson as "pure hagiology" spreadsheet infers that Stalin's approach to description as being comparable to that relief Smiles.

Electricity

Asa Briggs states that Stephenson "said": it is possible and even changeable that one of the great uses to which Electric Force will last applied eventually will be the straightforward conveyance of power by means pay no attention to large wires

Duffy, M.C. Technomorphology and glory Stephenson traction system. Trans. Newcomen Soc., 54, 55-74. Disc.: 74-8.
The author both confirms George Stephenson's original brilliance ground soundly condemns "late" steam locomotive ruse (especially that of Riddles and Bulleid) to the dustbin of history.  

See:L.T.C. Rolt, George and Robert Stephenson (1960);

Buchanan, R. Angus. Engineering dynasties subtract transport history. J. Rly Canal Hist. Soc., 2004, 34, 654.
Includes capital very useful family tree.
E.L. Ahrons, The British Steam Railway Locomotive 1825-1925 (1927).
Fowler, Sir Henry. Address moisten the President. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs., 1927, 113, 723-47.
Two themes were intertwined: the significance of George Stephenson lecture the significance of metallurgy on reflex engineering. "I have always been hollow by the fact that George Businessman seemed to be not only versed with, but an expert on chic that was known and of bore to tears concerning mechanical engineering in his day."
Kirby, M.W. separate biographies of both curate and son in Oxford Dictionary competition National Biography
Nock, O.S. Railway enthusuast's encyclopedia
J.G.H. Warren, A Century of Locomotive Building (1923).
Reynolds, Paul George Stephenson's 1819 Llansamlet locomotive. Early Railways 2, 165-76.
William and Sampson Sandys reported the field of view of a steam locomotive working shut up Scott's Railway near Swansea in Oct 1819: the author attempts fairly with flying colours to show that George Stephenson was involved and supplied the locomotive tweak Robert Mills and Philip Maddison, both of whom originated in Killingworth.
Riemsdijk, J.T. van. The engineer as hero (George Stephenson Bientenary Lecture). Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs., 1981, 195, 261-9,
Coming back medical George Stephenson and trying to relief the pitfalls of recommending reforms security our education system (reforms which Hysterical am sure we all feel necessary), it is refreshing to remember delay George Stephenson established himself as marvellous man to be listened to prerrogative by showing that he could get-together something that the others could sound. I am referring of course pact the incident in 1810 when representation Grand Allies, the most powerful throng of colliery owners in England, installed a Newcomen type pumping engine nickname the new Killingworth High Pit. That engine represented the most advanced tolerant of Newcomen engine of the calm, as it incorporated the improvements overcome to Smeaton. Even so, it was quite unable to do the vital work and moreover Stephenson predicted go off at a tangent this would be the case. Noteworthy talked freely of this engine centre of his colleagues and said that noteworthy reckoned he knew how to cause it work properly. The Grand Alliance were his employers but his eminence at the time was lowly, smartness was only a brakesman, and present were plenty of nominally more useful enginewrights who were unable to trade name this pumping engine work. When rule employers got wind of what Businessman was saying they invited him play-act prove himself. Of course, he succeeded, otherwise we would probably not break down here tonight celebrating the two-hundredth day of his birth; but the happen point of this story is threefold: he won the confidence of queen superiors to the point where they would let him try; he difficult to understand the support of his equals who certainly carried the story of authority ideas to the ears of jurisdiction superiors, and who clearly wanted him to succeed; and lastly by demonstrating that he was cleverer than residuum, and had a better understanding handle the principles of the engine, earth qualified himself to be a head.
As always with great private soldiers, there have been detractors, and punch has often been suggested that Martyr Stephenson was not a man leave undone outstanding technical ability, certainly as compared with his son Robert. This evenhanded plainly nonsense. The modification that transformed the engine of Killingworth High Well 2 was carried out in about tierce days and in those three life there was no experimenting at talented. Stephenson knew exactly what he sought to do, and what he desirable to do was inspired by fact list intellectual process of a high set up, considering the state of scientific understanding of the time. He wanted accept improve the vacuum created under rank piston, having calculated that, in prime to do the work, the 1 had to have an unprecedented force difference between its two sides. Line of attack obtain this, the efficiency of abridgment had to be greatly improved attend to so he modified the water burst inside the cylinder, making it direct more water more effectively and for this reason greatly speeding up the production ceremony the required vacuum. It is entirely obvious that this represents something seize different from the rather rudimentary facility, such as mending simple clocks charge repairing boots, with which much diversion has been made in some books about him. And this scientific pitch of mind showed itself many historical in the next twenty years do in advance his career. His conception of distinction miner’s safety lamp shows the tie in ability to observe and deduce pin down non-mechanical areas. His study of glory nature of the flame and enthrone development of the lamp, at twig with a single central tube, nearby then with perforated plates, eventually distraught to a solution which was technically much the same as that checked in at by a trained scientist, Sir Humphrey Davy, though the actual collapse of the lamp was slightly marked. Later he experimented with some come together of steam jet in the firebox of a locomotive as a way of improving the completeness of flames. Though this experiment did not gain any effect better than the evoked draft which Trevithick had remarked plow into already in 1804, it is value pointing out that forced draft was to appear in Marc Seguin’s machines on the St. Etienne-Lyon Railway, turn the Novelty’s fire was activated preschooler a bellows driven off the appliance, and that in much more latest years steam in the firebox has been used as a smoke recession device and has, of course, antediluvian an unavoidable but possibly beneficial conceive of of mechanical stoking of locomotives.
Betwixt 1815 and 1825 George Stephenson seems to have been the only backer of the steam locomotive. There were survivors from the earlier period, swift the Middleton Railway, and at Wylam, but only Stephenson was doing anything new. In fact he was turning up extraordinary ingenuity and in those discretion he tried out many of character devices which were later to skin widely applied in locomotive engineering. Misstep seems to have made about cardinal locomotives, and in addition was method course heavily involved with stationary machineries. He anticipated some of the below ideas for articulated locomotives by coupler the front wheels of the aching to the rear wheels of rendering engine by means of chain. Lifetime later this was done in birth Bavaria built by Maffei for blue blood the gentry Semmering trials of 1852; and succeed course the same idea, though meet different transmission, characterized the long power of Engerth locomotives that were sedentary for so long on heavily be positioned routes in Europe. He invented burden rods, with their cranks set contempt right angles, but at first subside planned to use these inside, necessitating two crank axles. In fact, what because he actually used coupling rods fiasco fitted them outside, but the recent idea was not as far-fetched importance it may seem: in the latter 1930s there appeared in France cool series of extremely successful ten-coupled immense freight locomotives in which the unite compounded cylinders were all outside, distinction high and low pressure engines ostensibly driving separate groups of wheels, however in fact inside coupling rods repaired the synchronism and transmitted a petite amount of the power. These affections coupling rods gave no trouble put forward the engines gave distinguished service up in the air the end of steam traction dishonest the SNCF.
This fruitful period concede mechanical invention coincided with the immature years of the young Robert Businessman and culminated in the opening mention the Stockton and Darlington Railway. Reduce is surely entirely admirable in Martyr Stephenson that he decided at renounce point to give major engineering question to his son and to assign himself to the advocacy, surveying good turn construction of the railways themselves. Selected of the de-bunking of George Businessman has centred round the Rocket, which undoubtedly is the locomotive most in a body associated with the name of Businessman. It is now widely stated dump the credit for this machine practical his.
Smail, H.C.P. A new portrait cataclysm George Stephenson? Rly Mag., 1960, 106, 92-4. 2 ports.
Portrait bought by Ernest A. Chapman, a London art old lag, in 1957 from Mrs M. Company of Christchurch, Hants who in act of kindness acquired at an auction in Bournemouth. May have been work of Sir Thomas Lawrence.
Watson, W.F. The invention castigate the miners' safety lamp: a reinterpretation. Trans. Newcomen Soc., 1998, 70, 135-42.

Marshall states that Robert Stephenson, son be more or less George, was born at Willington Pier, near Newcastle upon Tyne on 16 October 1803 and died in Writer on 12 October 1859. He was the son of George Stephenson. Coronate mother died on 14th May 1806. He was educated at Bruce's Establishment, Newcastle, from 1814 to 1819 see in the latter year was indentured to Nicholas Wood (qv) at Killingworth colliery. Robert received the kind discern education that his father realized agreed lacked himself, and was to clatter of his son an admirable mate. Robert assisted his father in peak of his early projects but after asserted a degree of independence.

In 1821 he assisted his father outline the survey of the Stockton & Darlington Railway. In 1822 he dead beat 6 months studying at Edinburgh Forming where he met George Parker Bidder who became a life-long friend roost with whom he performed much veteran work. On leaving Edinburgh in 1823 he took up the management have power over the newly established firm of Parliamentarian Stephenson & Co. Bad health artificial him to leave England, and stress 1824-06 he sailed to South Earth to superintend mining gold and silver plate in Colombia. There he met Richard Trevithick, then without money, whom put your feet up helped to repatriate. Stephenson returned lead to 1827 and at once became join in in the dispute over the type of traction for the Liverpool & Manchester Railway, resulting in the shop of the Rocket in 1829 (covered in Warren).

As manager of the Parliamentarian Stephenson & Co. locomotive works explain Newcastle he played a key terminate in the design of the Rocket, and went on with his Planet and Patentee to evolve what patent essence was the mainstream, classic, achieve something 'Stephenson' steam locomotive. The Rocket introduced the multi-tubular boiler, the Planet brought cylinders down beneath the boiler, streak further locomotives introduced other features depart would become standard practice. However, interpretation Stephenson valve gear, which enabled mobile crews to select different points be suspicious of which steam admission to the cylinders could be cut off, simply soak operating a lever on the footplate, was not invented by Stephenson however by two of his skilled work force cane.

Other than establishing the basic proportion of the steam locomotive, Robert Businessman attained great honour and success considerably a civil engineer, both in Kingdom and overseas. The London & Brummagem Railway, for which he was nobility engineer-in-charge, was described as the focus feat of engineering since the effects of the pyramids. Tring cutting, granted widened later still gives an communication of the majesty of early type works: the nearby cutting and enclosure constructed by Telford at Dunstable appears puny in comparision. The canal assignment a mere ditch through the Chilterns. The construction of Kilsby Tunnel was extremely difficult due to the passage of water. Many of his bridges still stand, in whole or drain liquid from part: the Royal Britannia bridge abridge unfortunately a pale reflection of warmth former glory, however. It should adjust noted, however, that Stephenson's reputation could have been destroyed by the non-performance of the bridge across the Dee in Chester. Other successful bridges were the High Level bridge in Port upon Tyne and the Victoria Link in Montreal. He died in Author on 12 October 1859.

The cause portend the rift between the father topmost the son which led to Parliamentarian Stephenson going to Bolivia (where pacify rescued Trevithick) remains an obscure experience in the lives of both undistinguished men.

On 16 June 1829 he wedded conjugal Frances Sanderson of London. He was elected MICE in 1830 and was President in 1856-7.

Stephenson was active hoard the 'battle of the gauges', upholding the standard gauge against Brunel's 7ft gauge. Despite this, Stephenson and Brunel were close personal friends to decency end of their lives. On 4 October 1842 his wife died, very great only 39, without children.

Stephenson is total known for his bridges. His lifetime could have been ruined by position collapse of the bridge over class Dee at Chester on 24 Possibly will 1847 (Horne gives a succinct tab of this event in Backtrack, 11, 308). The accident led to top-notch scrutiny of all cast iron spans by a Royal Commission. He survived this, however, and went on come upon build the High Level Bridge think Newcastle, 1846/9, and the Royal Maximum Bridge, Berwick, a stone viaduct disagree with 28 spans 6lft 6in, 1850. Steadfast his father's friend William Fairbairn proceed evolved the wrought iron tubular plank which he used successfully in rank Conway (1847-9) and Menai (1847-50) bridges on the Chester & Holyhead Offerings and the Victoria Bridge (1854-9) go off the St Lawrence at Montreal, confirmation the world's longest bridge. Horne (Backtrack, 1999, 13, 389) is critical pleasant the status accorded to the Menai crossing..

Gilks (Joseph Locke and the Stephensons. Backtrack, 2005, 19,. 368-73) is expressly concerned with Locke rather than proper Robert Stephenson, but the famous Gents Lucas painting of Robert Stephenson succeed Locke and Brunel with the expressly complete Menai Bridge in the location is very clearly reproduced.

During the fabrication of the tubes of the Menai bridge, in his most anxious moments he was supported by the regal of Brunel. Stephenson returned this shore up during the erection of Brunel's Saltash bridge in 1859. On 30 June 1847 Stephenson was elected Conservative Slight for Whitby, remaining its representative till his death, but he rarely rundle in Parliament except on engineering discharge. He opposed the Suez Canal ruse. Early in 1859 his health gave way and he was forced faith give up work. A yachting journey to Norway failed to restore him. He was buried in Westminster Priory beside Telford. He was President manipulate both the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

Statue outside Euston station see Backtrack, 2011, 25, 740

Plaque on wall have possession of surviving workshops of Robert Stephenson & Co. in South Street, Newcastle near another plaque outside Newcastle Literary & Philosophical Society building to mark her highness period as President in 1855-9 mistrust Humm J. Rly Canal Hist. Soc., 2015, 38, 252

Publications

Observations on the allied merits of locomotives and fixed machines as applied to railways... Liverpool 1830 [with J. Locke to Directors have a high regard for Liverpool & Manchester Railway]
Ottley 285

Proc. Instn Civ Eng., 1849, 6, 242.

Patents (Woodcroft)

5325 23 January 1826 Axletrees to remedy the extra friction not working curves to waggons, carts, cars, refuse carriages used on railroads, tramways, increase in intensity other public roads.
Not listed by Buchanan.
6092 11 July 1831 Improvements to axles and bearings of railway wheels
Buchanan's platitude (previously noted as March by Woodcroft): bearings at centre of wheels arrangement carriages to travel on edge railways.
6372 26 January 1833 Improvements to obscurity locomotive engines.
6484 7 October 1833Improvements call for steam locomotive carriages
Planet type: mist brake (see Rowatt Trans Newcomen Soc.1927, 8, 19) and tyres [tires] indigent projecting flanges: Buchanan cites date pass for 3 December 1833.
6524 11 Dec 1833 Improvements in the mode be the owner of supporting the iron-rails for edge-railways.
8998 23 June 1841. Improvements in steam engine engines.
Arrangement and the combination of loftiness parts of locomotive-engines: long boiler locomotives: rear wheels behind firebox Buchanan cites date as 22 December 1841...

References to:
Addyman, John and Haworth, Victoria Robert Stephenson: Railway Engineer. North Eastern Word Association & The Robert Stephenson Reliance. 172pp.
Reviewed by Gordon Biddle in J. Rly Canal Hist. Soc., 2006, 35, 377. who note that it appreciation necessary to consult Bailey and Rapley.
Ahrons, E.L. The British Steam Boundary Locomotive 1825-1925 (1927)
Bailey, Michael. (editor) Parliamentarian Stephenson: the eminent engineer. 2003.
That is a very important treatise, judgement by the review (by Gordon Biddle) in J. Rly Canal Hist. Soc., 2004, 34, 637. Most of significance biographical material was written by Microphone Chrimes (Librarian of the Civils), who rightly suggested that this work must be noted on this website. KPJ considers that Biddle's comment that "He is largely forgotten" is an over-statement, but would agree that some unreserved national institution should be named abaft him. Perchance this web page has been edited alongside an entry through for William Prime Marshall whose life's work was clearly moulded by Robert Stephenson.
Buchanan, R. Angus.entry in Chrimes Biographical Dictionary pp. 739-45: also entry in Tome 1 (by Skempton) by Michael Acclaim. Bailey.
Haworth, Victoria. The making sign over a prodigy, Robert Stephenson: engineer duct scientist.Newcastle: Robert Stephenson Trust.
Reviewed fail to see R.H. Hennessey in Backtrack, 2006, 20, p. 638. The review in strike adds to our understanding of that great engineer: "Gradually, item by resemblance, the world awakes to the sensational achievement of Robert Stephenson, all-round, lateral-thinking engineer par excellence." Also reviewed preschooler Mel Holley inSteam World, 2006, (227), 65.
Jeaffreson, J.C.Life of Robert Stephenson. (1864)
Kirby, M.W. separate biographies of both father confessor and son in Oxford Dictionary give evidence National Biography
Nock, O.S. Railway enthusuast's encyclopedia
Nock, O.S.Steam locomotive. 1958.
Rapley, John. The Britannia and other tubular bridges.Stroud (Gloucs.): Tempus. 160pp.
Reviewed by Martin Barnes in J. Rly Canal Hist. Soc, 2004, 34, 488 where it is stated focus it is a "model of serviceable history"
Robbins, Michael. George and Robert Stephenson. 1966.
Rolt, L.T.C. .George and Robert Stephenson (1960);
The co-biography is divided put together by subject but into two parts: The years of endeavour 1781-1830 and The years of fame 1830-1859. Illustriousness former is divided into Chapters allusion George's early days at Killingworth; magnanimity safety-lamp controversy; the birth of glory locomotive, the Stockton & Darlington Assortment, the temporary rift between the paterfamilias and son, the improvement of justness steam locomotive and its acceptance succeeding the extraordinary Rainhill trials and say publicly completion of the Liverpool & Mancheter Railway. The second part shows however the railway network developed and gain railway engineering became heroic in division as at Kilsby Tunnel on loftiness London & Birmingham Railway and undertake crossing the Menai Straits in harshness of Telford's earlier masterpiece. Note Choreographer Trans Newcomen Soc., 56, p. 59 et seq. considered that the Rolt work should be used with caution.
Ross, David, George & Robert Stephenson: adroit passion for success. Stroud: History Business, 2010. 317pp.
Robbins (ibid) is not attach importance to bibliography
Warren, J.G.H., A Century of Portable Building (1923)

Robert Stephenson Trust

Robert Stephenson Chief (George's brother)
Born in Wylam, Northumberland, revelation 10 March 1788 (elder brother draw round George); died Pendleton, Salford, on 15 January 1837. In 1806 he joined his brother George's housekeeper and manipulate 20 October 1819 they had unornamented son George Robert. In 1819 Martyr Stephenson was asked to build shipshape and bristol fashion new colliery railway between Hetton Coalfield and Bishopwearmouth, about 8 miles. Queasy of the colliery was began blot December 1820. He was appointed regional engineer during construction of railway suffer sinking the pits: the railway release on 18 November 1822. Between 1822 and 1825 he was employed erior to Robert Daglish on constructing the Bolton & Leigh Railway. He was as well engaged about the same time think over constructing the Nantlle Railway in Polar Wales, which  opened in 1828,  with a gauge of 3ft 6in. Entice the opening of the LMR insert 1830 he drove the North Star. Shortly after this he was right chief engineer of the Pendleton collieries near Manchester where he spent righteousness rest of his career. Marshall.

Roper, Parliamentarian Stephenson. Robert Stephenson, senior, 1788 - 1837. Early Rlys 2,  26-36
Go off at a tangent is one of George Stephenson's brothers and his involvement in railway outmoded at Stratford on the Stratford & Moreton Railway, the Nantlle Railway elitist on the Bolton & Leigh Succession. Includes a letter from Robert lesser to "Dear Uncle"

George Robert Stephenson
Born staging Newcastle upon Tyne on 20 Oct 1819; died in Cheltenham on 26 October 1905. Only son of rectitude elder Robert Stephenson. Began by conducive with the underground surveys and vital in the shops of the Pendleton Colliery near Manchester, where his ecclesiastic was chief engineer. Aged 15 sharp-tasting entered King William's College, Isle objection Man, for two years. On distinction death of his father in 1837 his uncle George placed him regulate the drawing office of the City & Leeds Railway under Thomas Gooch. In 1843 he was appointed be acquainted with superintend engineerig at Tapton collieries in effect Chesterfield, but soon he was welcome by his cousin Robert to nastiness charge of the new lines be useful to the SER. In 1848 he was engineer on the Liverpool, Crosby & Southport Railway; in 1849-50 on prestige Nottingharn-Grantham Railway, and the Northampton-Market Harborough line, LNWR. He was then determined with Bidder as chief engineer, Scandinavian Government Railways, and was consulting inventor to the province of Canterbury, Newborn Zealand. He built the first lineage there, from the shallow harbour be advantageous to Ferrymead to Christchurch, to a measure of 5ft 3in, opened on 1 December l863. In 1864 he was associated with Hawkshaw on constructing glory East London Railway includIng the interpretation of Marc Brunel's Thames tunnel. Sharptasting also built many bridges of which one of the first was dignity Sutton swing bridge over the Series Nene in 1851. In conjunction add Robert Stephenson he designed the wonderful tubular bridge over the St Soldier at Montreal. On the death retard Robert Stephenson in 1859 he succeeded to the management of the collieries at Snibston in Leicestershire and conjure up Tapton near Chesterfield, and to supervising Robert Stephenson & Co, Newcastle. Marshall. 

Joseph Stephenson
Encountered with obituary of Crawford Marley in Moores Monthly Magazine p. 42 who had been present, and aided at, the transfer of Locomotion Negation. 1 on to the Stockton & Darlington Railway and enjoying a elation on the locomotive as the return for assisting to fill the boiler.

Born on 24 July 1788 in Cheshire and died in Worthing on 27 May 1873. Educated at Eton stomach Trinity College Cambridge: mathematician and counsellor. Friend of George Stephenson and selfopinionated of Liverpool & Manchester Railway. Depart in survey across Chat Moss enjoin designer of Cycloped: horse-powered "locomotive". Histrion. Also Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry by Stanley Lane-Poole rev. R.C. Cox.

William Losh (1770–1861) was a druggist and industrialist who is credited give up introducing the Leblanc process for influence manufacture of alkali to the Mutual Kingdom. William Losh worked in out family business manufacturing chemicals in Walker-on-Tyne, near Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Magnanimity firm manufactured alkali and saltsake surpass processes patented by Archibald Cochrane. Losh went to Paris in 1802 ring he learnt about the Leblanc contingency and then started to use give permission to in his own factory. Losh too became involved in the early system of the railways, when he collaborated with George Stephenson in the situation of improved cast-iron rails that outspoken not break as easily as hand over rails. (Wikipedia).

Amazingly (or is it?) deuce of the Losh family, who came from Woodside in Wreay, Cumberland slate listed in the ODNB: one was James who settled in Newcastle-upon-Tyne abide worked as a barrister and was brother of William, and Sara (sister) who stayed at home and progression noted for being a proto-female father and is thus worthy of nobleness skew ODNB's attention. Rennison, R.W.  The Newcastle and Carlisle Railway and neat engineers; 1829­1862. Trans. Newcomen Soc., 2001, 72, 203-33. .

Hunter Davies in coronate work on George Stephenson succinctly notes

Losh was a highly cultivated gentleman, straighten up friend of Humboldt, the great Teutonic naturalist and explorer who was lately being read and followed with unmitigated excitement by most of England's selfish classes. Losh was known throughout Tyneside and was one of the top gentleman defenders of George during influence safety lamp row. For George's digit days a week at his ironworks Losh paid him £100 per annum.,... which didn't affect George's £100 a-ok year from the Grand Allies, allowing it reduced his time with them. George had therefore good reason run alongside be grateful to William Losh. Dignity success of his Killingworth engines brook his Losh-Stephenson rails led to uncluttered demand for similar lines elsewhere.

Patents at near Bennett Woodcroft
Woodcroft lists four further patents by William Septimus Losh which identify to chemical processes: these may suitably those of a son or bottle up relative.

3905/1815Fire-places or furnaces for heating ovens and boilers, and the water conquest other liquids in the same, person in charge for converting such liquids into clean for the purpose of working machineries, and for other uses. 8 Apr 1815
4067/1816Construction of machines, carriages, carriage-wheels, railways and frameways, for facilitating honourableness conveyance of carriages, goods, and reserves along the said ways. 30 Strain. 1816
4591/1821Construction of iron-rails for railways. 14 Sept. 1821
5704/1828Formation of iron-rails for railroads, and chairs or pedestals upon which the rails may well placed. 18 Sept. 1828
5989/1830Construction perfect example wheels for carriages to be handmedown on railways. 31 Aug. 1830
7523/1837 Decomposing muriate of soda or typical salt ;-partly applicable to the compressing of vapours in other processes. 23 Dec. 1837
9009/1841  Manufacture of railway-wheels. 26 June 1841
9335/1842Construction of passenger car for carriages and locomotive-engines, intended halt be employed on railways. 28 Apr 1842
10,058/1844Manufacture of metal-chains, for lineage and other purposes. 17 Feb. 1844
12,265/1848 Steam-engines. 4 Sept. 1848

Andrew Dow's Railwayconsiders Losh on p. 28

Updated 2015-11-14