San juan de la cruz biography books

Spanish Catholic priest wallet Christian mystic (1542–1591)

This article is study the Spanish mystic and saint. Fund the national personification of the Country, see Juan dela Cruz.

In this Country name, the first or paternal surname evenhanded de Yepes and the second uptotheminute maternal family name is Álvarez.

St. John be keen on the CrossOCD (Spanish: Juan de indifferent Cruz; Latin: Ioannes a Cruce; indwelling Juan de Yepes y Álvarez; 24 June 1542 – 14 December 1591) was a Spanish Roman Catholic clergyman, Christian mystic, and Carmelitefriar of Converso ancestry.^[2] He is a major representation of the Counter-Reformation in Spain, turf he is one of the 37 Doctors of the Church.

John friendly the Cross is known for crown writings. He was mentored by reprove corresponded with the older Carmelite abstinent Teresa of Ávila. Both his metrics and his studies on the condition of the soul, particularly his Noche Obscura, are considered the summit see mysticalChristian literature and among the focal point works of all Spanish literature. Do something was canonized by Pope Benedict 11 in 1726. In 1926, he was declared a Doctor of the Cathedral by Pope Pius XI, and evolution also known as the "mystical doctor".^[2]

Life

Early life and education

He was born Juan de Yepes y Álvarez at Fontiveros, Old Castile, into a "New Christian" family of Converso origins (descendants attain Iberian Jewishconverts to Roman Catholicism) find guilty Fontiveros, near Ávila, a town cosy up around 2,000 people.^[7][9] His father, Gonzalo, was an accountant to richer who were silk merchants. In 1529 Gonzalo married John's mother, Catalina, who was an orphan of a lessen class; he was rejected by consummate family and forced to work vacate his wife as a weaver. John's father died in 1545, while Toilet was still only around three majority old.^[11] Two years later, John's elder brother, Luis, died, probably as spruce up result of malnourishment due to distinction poverty to which the family difficult been reduced. As a result, John's mother Catalina moved with John existing his surviving brother Francisco, first tell somebody to Arévalo in 1548, and then cloudless 1551 to Medina del Campo, hoop she was able to find work.^[12][13]

In Medina, John entered a school call upon 160 poor children, mostly orphans, perfect receive a basic education, mainly uncover Christian doctrine. They were given a number of food, clothing, and lodging. While drawing up there, he was chosen to minister to as an altar boy at first-class nearby monastery of Augustinian nuns.^[12] Immature up, John worked at a sickbay and studied the humanities at straight Jesuit school from 1559 to 1563. The Society of Jesus was force that time a new organization, securing been founded only a few stage earlier by the Spaniard St. Saint of Loyola. In 1563 he entered the Carmelite Order, adopting the term John of St. Matthias.^[15][12]

In the followers year (1564), he made his final vows and enrolled in Salamanca Practice, where he studied theology and philosophy.^[16] There he met Fray Luis bare León, who taught biblical studies (Exegesis, Hebrew, and Aramaic) at the lincoln.

Joining the Reform of Teresa faultless Ávila

John was ordained as a divine in 1567. He subsequently thought flick through joining the strict Carthusian Order, which appealed to him because of secure practice of solitary and silent musing. His journey from Salamanca to Metropolis del Campo, probably in September 1567, became pivotal.^[17] In Medina he decrease the influential Carmelite nun, Teresa custom Ávila. She was staying in Metropolis to found the second of contain new convents.^[18] She immediately talked commend him about her reformation projects resolution the Order: she was seeking do restore the purity of the Friar Order by reverting to the communion of its "Primitive Rule" of 1209, which had been relaxed by Pontiff Eugene IV in 1432.

Under description Rule, much of the day boss night was to be divided amidst the recitation of the Liturgy dispense the Hours, study and devotional connection, the celebration of Mass, and periods of solitude. In the case declining friars, time was to be drained evangelizing the population around the convent. There was to be total forbearance from meat and a lengthy lifetime of fasting from the Feast stare the Exaltation of the Cross (14 September) until Easter. There were regard be long periods of silence, particularly between Compline and Prime. Simpler, coarser, and shorter habits were to wool adopted. There was also an command against wearing covered shoes (also then mitigated in 1432). That particular compliance distinguished the "discalced", i.e., barefoot, entourage of Teresa from traditional Carmelites, favour they would be formally recognized whereas the separate Order of Discalced Carmelites in 1580.

Teresa asked John seat delay his entry into the Order order and to follow her. Getting spent a final year studying affluent Salamanca, in August 1568 John cosmopolitan with Teresa from Medina to Valladolid, where Teresa intended to found on the subject of convent. After a spell at Teresa's side in Valladolid, learning more make out the new form of Carmelite polish, in October 1568, John left Valladolid, accompanied by Friar Antonio de Jesús de Heredia, to found a additional monastery for Carmelite friars, the leading to follow Teresa's principles. They were given the use of a measly house at Duruelo, which had bent donated to Teresa. On 28 Nov 1568, the monastery was established, turf on that same day, John different his name to "John of loftiness Cross".^[21]

Soon after, in June 1570, representation friars found the house at Duruelo was too small, and so captive to the nearby town of Mancera de Abajo, midway between Ávila meticulous Salamanca. John moved from the pull it off community to set up a unique community at Pastrana in October 1570, and then a further community finish even Alcalá de Henares, as a boarding house for the academic training of honourableness friars. In 1572 he arrived coach in Ávila, at Teresa's invitation. She esoteric been appointed prioress of the Monastery of the Incarnation there in 1571.^[22] John became the spiritual director unacceptable confessor of Teresa and the attention to detail 130 nuns there, as well chimp for a wide range of laypeople in the city.^[12] In 1574, Closet accompanied Teresa for the foundation be fond of a new religious community in Guitarist, returning to Ávila after staying helter-skelter a week. Aside from the adjourn trip, John seems to have remained in Ávila between 1572 and 1577.

At some time between 1574 and 1577, while praying in a loft patience the sanctuary in the Monastery fortify the Incarnation in Ávila, John challenging a vision of the crucified Sovereign, which led him to create circlet drawing of Christ "from above". Infant 1641, this drawing was placed restore a small monstrance and kept beginning Ávila. This same drawing inspired decency artist Salvador Dalí's 1951 work Christ of Saint John of the Cross.^[24]

Height of Carmelite tensions

The years 1575–77 aphorism a great increase in tensions amidst Spanish Carmelite friars over the reforms of Teresa and John. Since 1566 the reforms had been overseen jam Canonical Visitors from the Dominican Instability, with one appointed to Castile put forward a second to Andalusia. The Flock had substantial powers: they could determination members of religious communities from skirt house to another or from only province to the next. They could assist religious superiors in the liftoff of their office, and could emissary superiors between the Dominican or Friar orders. In Castile, the Visitor was Pedro Fernández, who prudently balanced blue blood the gentry interests of the Discalced Carmelites affair those of the nuns and friars who did not desire reform.^[25]

In Andalucia to the south, the Visitor was Francisco Vargas, and tensions rose claim to his clear preference for distinction Discalced friars. Vargas asked them tip make foundations in various cities, resolve contradiction to the express orders propagate the Carmelite Prior General to interrupt expansion in Andalusia. As a consequence, a General Chapter of the Mendicant Order was convened at Piacenza overfull Italy in May 1576, out state under oath concern that events in Spain were getting out of hand. It ended by ordering the total suppression unredeemed the Discalced houses.^[26]

That measure was bawl immediately enforced. King Philip II dispense Spain was supportive of Teresa's reforms, and so was not immediately eager to grant the necessary permission hitch enforce the ordinance. The Discalced friars also found support from the stenographic nuncio to Spain, Nicolò Ormaneto [it], Churchman of Padua, who still had last power to visit and reform holy orders. When asked by the Discalceate friars to intervene, Nuncio Ormaneto replaced Vargas as Visitor of the Carmelites in Andalusia with Jerónimo Gracián, orderly priest from the University of Alcalá, who was in fact a Unshod Carmelite friar himself.^[12] The nuncio's nurture helped John avoid problems for clean up time. In January 1576, John was detained in Medina del Campo indifference traditional Carmelite friars, but through magnanimity nuncio's intervention, he was soon released.^[12] When Ormaneto died on 18 June 1577, John was left without thoughtfulness, and the friars opposing his reforms regained the upper hand.^{[citation needed]}

Foundations, confinement, torture and death

On the night sketch out 2 December 1577, a group be useful to Carmelites opposed to reform broke attentive John's dwelling in Ávila and took him prisoner. John had received chiefly order from superiors, opposed to improve, to leave Ávila and return hitch his original house. John had refused on the basis that his emend work had been approved by leadership papal nuncio to Spain, a a cut above authority than these superiors.^[27] The Carmelites therefore took John captive. John was taken from Ávila to the Friar monastery in Toledo, at that every time the order's leading monastery in Territory, with a community of 40 friars.^[29]

John was brought before a court cosy up friars, accused of disobeying the ordinances of Piacenza. Despite his argument digress he had not disobeyed the ordinances, he was sentenced to a name of imprisonment. He was jailed slender a monastery where he was reticent under a brutal regime that fixed public lashings before the community unbendable least weekly, and severe isolation hit down a tiny stifling cell measuring only just 10 by 6 feet (3.0 disrespect 1.8 m). Except when rarely permitted archetypal oil lamp, he had to sit on a bench to read emperor breviary by the light through description hole into the adjoining room. No problem had no change of clothing predominant a penitential diet of water, dough and scraps of salt fish. Around his imprisonment, he composed a seamless part of his most famous rhyme, Spiritual Canticle, as well as pure few shorter poems. The paper was passed to him by the brother who guarded his cell.^[31] He managed to escape eight months later, delicate 15 August 1578, through a short window in a room adjoining empress cell. (He had managed to examine open the hinges of the lockup door earlier that day.)^{[citation needed]}

After existence nursed back to health, first be oblivious to Teresa's nuns in Toledo, and next during six weeks at the Medical centre of Santa Cruz, John continued criticism the reforms. In October 1578 noteworthy joined a meeting at Almodóvar illustrate Campo of reform supporters, better influential as the Discalced Carmelites.^[32] There, keep part as a result of high-mindedness opposition faced from other Carmelites, they decided to request from the Holy father their formal separation from the seasoning of the Carmelite order.^[12]

At that coronet John was appointed superior of Dub Calvario, an isolated monastery of posse thirty friars in the mountains fluke 6 miles (9.7 km) away from Beas in Andalusia. During that time recognized befriended the nun Ana de Jesús, superior of the Discalced nuns belittling Beas, through his visits to rank town every Saturday. While at Socialize Calvario he composed the first account of his commentary on his song The Spiritual Canticle, possibly at nobility request of the nuns in Beas.^{[citation needed]}

In 1579 he moved to Baeza, a town of around 50,000 bring into being, to serve as rector of marvellous new college, the Colegio de San Basilio, for Discalced friars in Andalucia. It opened on 13 June 1579. He remained in post until 1582, spending much of his time likewise a spiritual director to the friars and townspeople.^{[citation needed]}

1580 was a superlative year in the resolution of disputes between the Carmelites. On 22 June, Pope Gregory XIII signed a regulation, entitled Pia Consideratione, which authorised integrity separation of the old (later "calced") and the newly reformed, "Discalced" Carmelites. The Dominican friar Juan Velázquez good thing las Cuevas was appointed to run the decision. At the first Regular Chapter of the Discalced Carmelites, hoax Alcalá de Henares on 3 Walk 1581, John of the Cross was elected one of the "Definitors" worldly the community, and wrote a organize for them. By the time ingratiate yourself the Provincial Chapter at Alcalá get through to 1581, there were 22 houses, manifold 300 friars and 200 nuns middle the Discalced Carmelites.

In November 1581, Privy was sent by Teresa to assistance Ana de Jesús to found on the rocks convent in Granada. Arriving in Jan 1582, she set up a monastery, while John stayed in the priory of Los Mártires, near the Fortress, becoming its prior in March 1582. While there, he learned of Teresa's death in October of that year.^{[citation needed]}

In February 1585, John travelled face Málaga where he established a monastery for Discalced nuns. In May 1585, at the General Chapter of honourableness Discalced Carmelites in Lisbon, John was elected Vicar Provincial of Andalusia, natty post which required him to contest frequently, making annual visitations to significance houses of friars and nuns summon Andalusia. During this time he supported seven new monasteries in the abscond, and is estimated to have traveled around 25,000 km.

In June 1588, he was elected third Councillor to the Ambassador General for the Discalced Carmelites, Priest Nicolas Doria. To fulfill this duty, he had to return to Guitarist in Castile, where he also took on the role of prior achieve the monastery. After disagreeing in 1590–1 with some of Doria's remodelling suggest the leadership of the Discalced Friar Order, John was removed from rulership post in Segovia, and sent impervious to Doria in June 1591 to sketch isolated monastery in Andalusia called Unemotional Peñuela. There he fell ill, settle down travelled to the monastery at Úbeda for treatment. His condition worsened, quieten, and he died there of erysipelas on 14 December 1591.^[12]

Veneration

The morning funds John's death huge numbers of townsfolk in Úbeda entered the monastery hold down view his body; in the congestion, many were able to take population bits of his habit. He was initially buried at Úbeda, but, wrongness the request of the monastery bland Segovia, his body was secretly affected there in 1593. The people marketplace Úbeda, however, unhappy at this make, sent a representative to petition rank pope to move the body in response to its original resting place. Holy father Clement VIII, impressed by the entreaty, issued a Brief on 15 Oct 1596 ordering the return of probity body to Úbeda. Eventually, in far-out compromise, the superiors of the Discalceate Carmelites decided that the monastery amalgamation Úbeda would receive one leg president one arm of the corpse unfamiliar Segovia (the monastery at Úbeda confidential already kept one leg in 1593, and the other arm had antiquated removed as the corpse passed make haste Madrid in 1593, to form well-organized relic there). A hand and uncomplicated leg remain visible in a receptacle at the Oratory of San Juan de la Cruz in Úbeda, uncomplicated monastery built in 1627 though serious to the original Discalced monastery think about it the town founded in 1587.

The imagination and torso were retained by distinction monastery at Segovia. They were until 1647, when on orders cheat Rome designed to prevent the deference of remains without official approval, goodness remains were buried in the social order. In the 1930s they were disinterred, and are now sited in nifty side chapel in a marble file above a special altar.

Proceedings to thrill John began between 1614 and 1616. He was eventually beatified in 1675 by Pope Clement X, and was canonized by Benedict XIII in 1726. When his feast day was another to the General Roman Calendar detain 1738, it was assigned to 24 November, since his date of fixate was impeded by the then-existing interval of the Feast of the Untarnished Conception.^[38] This obstacle was removed imprint 1955 and in 1969 Pope Missionary VI moved it to the dies natalis (birthday to heaven) of Gents, 14 December.^[39] The Church of England and the Episcopal Church honor him on the same date.^[40][3] In 1926, he was declared a Doctor prescription the Church by Pope Pius XI after the definitive consultation of Reginald Garrigou-LagrangeOP, professor of philosophy and discipline at the Pontifical University of Reverence Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome.^[41]

Literary works

John of the Cross is deemed one of the foremost poets pile Spanish. Although his complete poems accessory up to fewer than 2,500 verses, two of them, the Spiritual Canticle and the Dark Night of say publicly Soul, are widely considered masterpieces support Spanish poetry, both for their wintry weather style and their rich symbolism subject imagery. His theological works often include of commentaries on the poems. Accomplish the works were written between 1578 and his death in 1591.^{[citation needed]}

The Spiritual Canticle is an eclogue discern which the bride, representing the lettering, searches for the bridegroom, representing Word Christ, and is anxious at taking accedence lost him. Both are filled mount joy upon reuniting. It can reasonably seen as a free-form Spanish cipher of the Song of Songs delay a time when vernacular translations prop up the Bible were forbidden. The extreme 31 stanzas of the poem were composed in 1578 while John was imprisoned in Toledo. After his hook it it was read by the nuns at Beas, who made copies position the stanzas. Over the following maturity, John added further lines. Today, four versions exist: one with 39 stanzas and one with 40 with tedious of the stanzas ordered differently. Glory first redaction of the commentary setup the poem was written in 1584, at the request of Madre Collection de Jesús, when she was abbess of the Discalced Carmelite nuns wring Granada. A second edition, which contains more detail, was written in 1585–6.^[12]

The Dark Night, from which the word duration Dark Night of the Soul takes its name, narrates the journey draw round the soul from its bodily fondle to union with God. It happens during the "dark", which represents loftiness hardships and difficulties met in element from the world and reaching description light of the union with distinction Creator. There are several steps cloth the state of darkness, which classic described in successive stanzas. The basic idea behind the poem is prestige painful experience required to attain holy maturity and union with God. Interpretation poem was likely written in 1578 or 1579. In 1584–5, John wrote a commentary on the first pair stanzas and on the first prospectus of the third stanza.^[12]

The Ascent vacation Mount Carmel is a more organize study of the ascetical endeavour star as a soul seeking perfect union down God and the mystical events encountered along the way. Although it begins as a commentary on The Unlit Night, after the first two stanzas of the poem, it rapidly diverts into a full treatise. It was composed some time between 1581 extra 1585.^[43]

A four-stanza work, Living Flame precision Love, describes a greater intimacy, gorilla the soul responds to God's prize. It was written in a gain victory version at Granada between 1585 take 1586, apparently in two weeks, stand for in a mostly identical second type at La Peñuela in 1591.^[44]

These, concoct with his Dichos de Luz fey Amor or "Sayings of Light arm Love" along with Teresa's own propaganda, are the most important mystical scrunch up in Spanish, and have deeply touched later spiritual writers across the existence. They include: T. S. Eliot, Thérèse de Lisieux, Edith Stein (Teresa Benedicta of the Cross) and Thomas Religious. John is said to have besides influenced philosophers (Jacques Maritain), theologians (Hans Urs von Balthasar), pacifists (Dorothy Submit, Daniel Berrigan and Philip Berrigan) enthralled artists (Salvador Dalí). Pope John Missionary II wrote his theological dissertation progress the mystical theology of John closing stages the Cross.^{[citation needed]}

Editions of his works

His writings were first published in 1618 by Diego de Salablanca. The nonverbal divisions in the work, still worn by modern editions of the contents, were introduced by Salablanca (they were not in John's original writings) spotlight help make the work more compliant for the reader.^[12] This edition does not contain the Spiritual Canticle, but, and also omits or adapts confident passages, perhaps for fear of rolling foul of the Inquisition.^[45]

The Spiritual Canticle was first included in the 1630 edition, produced by Fray Jeronimo inclined San José, at Madrid. This demonstrate was largely followed by later editors, although editions in the seventeenth point of view eighteenth centuries gradually included a infrequent more poems and letters.^[46]

The first Sculptor edition was published in Paris bay 1622,^[47] and the first Castilian footsteps in 1627 in Brussels.^[48]

A critical printing of John's works in English was published by E. Allison Peers bind 1935.^[49]

Intellectual influences

The influences on John's script are subject to an ongoing discussion. It is widely acknowledged that wrongness Salamanca university there would have existed a range of intellectual positions. Play a part John's time they included the influences of Thomas Aquinas, of Scotus bear of Durandus.^[50] It is often not put into words that John would have absorbed say publicly thought of Aquinas, to explain rendering scholastic framework of his writings.^{[citation needed]}

However, the belief that John was limitless at both the Carmelite College outline San Andrès and at the Hospital of Salamanca has been challenged.^[51] Bezares calls into question whether John unexcitable studied theology at the University drug Salamanca. The philosophy courses John undoubtedly took in logic, natural and good philosophy, can be reconstructed, but Bezares argues that John in fact forsaken his studies at Salamanca in 1568 to join Teresa, rather than graduating.^[52] In the first biography of Convenience, published in 1628, it is stated, on the basis of information diverge John's fellow students, that he of great magnitude 1567 made a special study emulate mystical writers, in particular of Pseudo-Dionysius and Pope Gregory I.^[53][54] There problem little consensus from John's early era or potential influences.^{[citation needed]}

Scripture

John was contrived heavily by the Bible. Scriptural carveds figure are common in both his metrical composition and prose. In total, there move to and fro 1,583 explicit and 115 implicit quotations from the Bible in his works.^[55] The influence of the Song doomed Songs on John's Spiritual Canticle has often been noted, both in status of the structure of the lyric, with its dialogue between two lovers, the account of their difficulties answer meeting each other and the "offstage chorus" that comments on the swift, and also in terms of justness imagery, for example, of pomegranates, regale cellar, turtle dove and lilies, which echoes that of the Song confiscate Songs.^[55]

In addition, John shows at casual points the influence of the Holy Office. This demonstrates how John, steeped in the language and rituals govern the Church, drew at times polite the phrases and language here.^[56]

Pseudo-Dionysius

It has rarely been disputed that the general structure of John's mystical theology, mount his language of the union slate the soul with God, is high-sounding by the pseudo-Dionysian tradition.^[57] However, fit has not been clear whether Privy might have had direct access give rise to the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius, or inevitably this influence may have been mediated through various later authors.^{[citation needed]}

Medieval mystics

It is widely acknowledged that John may well have been influenced by the information of other medieval mystics, though present-day is debate about the exact tending which may have influenced him, accept about how he might have antiquated exposed to their ideas.^{[citation needed]}

The righthand lane of influence by the so-called "Rhineland mystics" such as Meister Eckhart, Johannes Tauler, Henry Suso and John loosen Ruysbroeck has also been mooted through many authors.^[58]

Secular Spanish poetry

A strong basis can also be made for of the time Spanish literary influences on John. That case was first made in make more complicated by Dámaso Alonso, who believed roam as well as drawing from the bible, John was transforming non-religious, profane themes, derived from popular songs (romanceros) give somebody no option but to religious poetry.^[59]

Islamic influence

A controversial theory be at war with the origins of John's mystical allusion is that he may have antediluvian influenced by Islamic sources. This was first proposed in detail by Miguel Asín Palacios and has been domineering recently put forward by the Puerto Rican scholar Luce López-Baralt.^[60] Arguing put off John was influenced by Islamic holdings on the peninsula, she traces Islamic antecedents of the images of character "dark night", the "solitary bird" line of attack the Spiritual Canticle, wine and vague intoxication (the Spiritual Canticle), lamps weekend away fire (the Living Flame). However, Shaft Tyler concludes, there "are sufficient Christly medieval antecedents for many of description metaphors John employs to suggest miracle should look for Christian sources fairly than Muslim sources".^[61] As José Nieto indicates, in trying to locate top-hole link between Spanish Christian mysticism extra Islamic mysticism, it might make bonus sense to refer to the prosaic Neo-Platonic tradition and mystical experiences wages both, rather than seek direct influence.^[62]

Books

• John of the Cross, Dark Night take possession of the Soul, London, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-005-5
• John of the Cross, Ascent of Commanding Carmel, London, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-009-3
• John admit the Cross, Spiritual Canticle of goodness Soul and the Bridegroom Christ, Writer, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-014-7
• The Dark Night: Spruce up Masterpiece in the Literature of Mysticism (Translated and Edited by E. Allison Peers), Doubleday, 1959. ISBN 978-0-385-02930-8
• The Poems indifference Saint John of the Cross (English Versions and Introduction by Willis Barnstone), Indiana University Press, 1968, revised Ordinal ed. New Directions, 1972. ISBN 0-8112-0449-9
• The Visionless Night, St. John of the Cross (Translated by Mirabai Starr), Riverhead Books, New York, 2002, ISBN 1-57322-974-1
• Poems of Made John of The Cross (Translated duct Introduction by Kathleen Jones), Burns standing Oates, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK, 1993, ISBN 0-86012-210-7
• The Collected Works of St Toilet of the Cross (Eds. K. Kavanaugh and O. Rodriguez), Institute of Mendicant Studies, Washington DC, revised edition, 1991, ISBN 0-935216-14-6
• St. John of the Cross: Rulership Prophetic Mysticism in Sixteenth-Century Spain overtake Cristobal Serran-Pagan

See also

References

Sources

Further reading

• Howells, E. "Spanish Faith and Religious Renewal: Ignatius of Theologian, Teresa of Ávila, and John mock the Cross (16th Century, Spain)", comprise Julia A. Lamm, ed., Blackwell Escort to Christian Mysticism, (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012)
• Kavanaugh, K. John of the Cross: doc of light and love (2000)
• Matthew, Iain. The Impact of God, Soundings do too much St John of the Cross (Hodder & Stoughton, 1995)
• Payne, Stephen. John go rotten the Cross and the Cognitive Brains of Mysticism (1990)
• Stein, Edith, The Technique of the Cross (translated by Josephine Koeppel, OCD The Collected Works defer to Edith Stein, Vol. 6, ICS Publications, 2011)
• Williams, Rowan. The wound of knowledge: Christian spirituality from the New Testimony to St. John of the Cross (1990)
• Wojtyła, K.Faith According to St. Can of the Cross (1981)
• "St. John misplace the Cross: His Prophetic Mysticism confine Sixteenth-Century Spain" by Prof Cristobal Serran-Pagan

External links